While solving the problems in dynamics, one must take account of the constraints that limit the motion of the system. Examples (i) In rigid bodies, constraints keep distance between the particles unchanged. (ii) The beads of an abacus are constrained to one dimensional motion by the supporting wires. (iii) Gas molecules in a container are constrained by the walls of the vessel to move only inside the container. (iv) A particle placed on the surface of a solid body is subject to the constraint that it can move only on the surface or in the region exterior to the body.

Introduction to Force and Displacement methods of structural analysis, Analysis of continuous beam and plane frame by slope deflection method and moment distribution method.

Research involves a critical analysis of existing conclusions or theories with regard to newly discovered facts i.e. it’s a continued search for new knowledge and understanding of the world around us.

The course will provide the necessary analytical foundation and engineering insight on the behaviour of determinate structures.

The purpose of this business law revision Q and A is to help the student in preparing for the business law law exam

GENERAL APPLICATION OF ICT ICT Application in Everyday Life ICT is an acronym for Information Communication Technology. It covers all forms of computer and communication equipment and software used to create, design, store, transmit, interpret and manipulate information in its various formats. Examples of ICT TOOLS are laptops, tablets, network technologies, mobile phones and so on as well as the various services and applications associated with them such as video conferencing, telecomputing and so on. ICT APPLICATIONS E-LEARNING: ICT can contribute to achieving universal education worldwide, through the delivery of education and training of teachers and offering improved conditions for long life learning, encompassing people that are outside the formal education process and improving professional skills. Benefits • Develop domestic policies to ensure that ICTs are fully integrated in education and training at all levels. • Promote e-literacy skills for all, for example by taking advantage of existing facilities such as libraries and so on. • Develop distance learning, training and other forms of education as part of capacity building programmes. • Help to train users to develop self-learning and self-development capacities. E-BUSINESS • Better Customer Service: E-business has improved customer service. Many a time on visiting a website, the customer is greeted by a pop-up chat window. Readily available customer service may help in encouraging the customer to know about the product or services. • Reduces Transaction Cost: Websites are sufficiently loaded with directions to facilitate stress free transactions. The mode of payments is predetermined, promising security to the customer. All you are left with, as the proprietor of your online business, is to download the requirement order and ship it. • Flexible Business Hours: E-business breaks down the time barriers that locationbased businesses encounter, because the internet is available 24hrs a day.

Entrepreneurial Finance consists of knowing how to identify, develop and implement the appropriate financial strategies required to create and operate a new venture or significantly expand an existing enterprise. While Entrepreneurial Finance is useful primarily to new venture decision makers, it can be applied by an enterprising person or group that seeks to comprehend the financial implications of some action they are considering. Entrepreneurial Finance is not Corporate Finance. Corporate finance is taught in most business schools, but it is largely irrelevant to most entrepreneurs.

An entrepreneur is an individual who identifies business opportunities, takes calculated risks, and organizes resources to turn innovative ideas into successful ventures. Entrepreneurs are characterized by their ability to innovate, adapt to change, and assume responsibility for the outcomes of their ventures. Business Person Definition: A business person is a professional involved in various aspects of business activities, which may include planning, organizing, directing, and controlling resources to achieve organizational goals. Unlike entrepreneurs, business persons may focus on established enterprises and managerial roles. 1.2 Differentiating Between Entrepreneurial Ventures and Business Ventures Entrepreneurial Ventures: These are ventures initiated by entrepreneurs, emphasizing innovation, risk taking, and the pursuit of new opportunities. Entrepreneurial ventures often involve creating something new, disrupting existing markets, and pushing the boundaries of traditional business. Business Ventures: Business ventures refer to a broader category that includes both entrepreneurial and more established business activities. While entrepreneurial ventures are a subset of business ventures, the latter encompasses a wider range of business activities, including those driven by stability and continuity.

Food and Beverage Services is related to all the activities pertaining to preparing for service and serving food and beverages. This tutorial introduces you to various types of services, table settings, various equipment used in service, types of menus, types of service operations, food garnishes and accompaniments, and various standard operating procedures followed by food and beverage service business.

Social computing and informatics brings together people, technology, information and innovation. People, organizations, industries and communities interact, connect and collaborate in social context. Digital systems support online research, education, health, communication and entertainment. Organizations harness the power of social computing and informatics to enhance business transactions and boost reputation. Amazon applies social computing to engage and captivate customers, boasting impressive 27.8 million Facebook page likes and 2.7 million followers. Amazon promptly and directly responds to the customers on Facebook, swiftly addressing all comments and ensuring that clients are well satisfied with the services. Due to comprehensive collection of feedback and reviews from the previous customers, effectively demonstrating the excellence of its products and services, most people trust Amazon. Hence, without digital systems and connections to the Internet nothing can be achieved. Bachelor of Information Science (BIS) level four or fourth year consists of 10 core course units or subjects, with 5 course units per semester. BIS CIS 403: Social Computing and Informatics explores human-computer/human-machine/human-machine product interactions and its impact in the society.

Creativity is the ability to create something original/new. Innovation is creating/developing and implementing new/original valuable process, product or service, or making valuable changes to existing ones; Invention is creating and implementing a product, service, or process that, though based on those that have come before, represents a leap/ a major difference in the way it was. Both innovation and invention are manifestations of creativity. All inventions contain innovations, but not every innovation rises to the level of an invention.

One of the largest, highly diverse and widely distributed groups in the animal kingdom • Very abundant - numbers extremely high (more than 60,000 described species (with an estimated 500,000 more still undescribed) • Habitat - both aquatic and terrestrial (many free-living & parasitic

Includes crabs, lobsters, prawns, barnacles, pill bugs, copepods, crayfishes, water fleas, shrimps, etc

Active body cells require lots of oxygen for energy production in aerobic respiration as we learnt in Lecture IV. A major by product of aerobic respiration is carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide dissolves in water to form carbonic acid and hence disturbs acid base balance in the body. Accumulation of carbon dioxide is therefore toxic to the cells as it may cause acidosis. Living cells have mechanisms of intake of oxygen and elimination of carbon dioxide. The two gases are known as respiratory gases. In small organisms such as protozoans the body surface provides an adequate surface area for the exchange of respiratory gases by diffusion. In mammals and other higher animals there are specialized systems for exchange of respiratory gases.

Once an insect hatches from the egg it is usually able to survive on its own, but it is small, wingless, and sexually immature. Its primary role in life is to eat and grow. If it survives, it will periodically outgrow and replace its exoskeleton (a process known as moulting). • In many species, there are other physical changes that also occur as the insect gets older (e.g., growth of wings and development of external genitalia)

Five classes of Uniramia are recognized: 1. Class Diplopoda (millipedes) 2. Class Chilopoda (centipedes) 3. Class Symphyla (sympylids) 4. Class Pauropoda (pauropods) 5. Class Insecta (insects) Centipedes, millipedes, symphylids and pauropods are collectively called myriapodous arthropods (Myriapods). All have long trunks with many segments and appendages, most of which are walking legs.

Insect Hormones • A hormone is a chemical signal sent from cells in one part of an organism to cells in another part (or parts) of the same individual. They are often regarded as chemical messengers. • Typically produced in very small quantities, but cause profound changes in their target cells • Their effect may be stimulatory or inhibitory • In some cases, a single hormone may have multiple targets and cause different effects in each target • Examples of processes controlled by hormones include moulting, metamorphosis, oocyte development (vitellogenesis), colour change and diurnal rhythms of activity

An amazing variety of life exists in the soil ecosystem -from microscopic mites to small mammals. • Most of the soil biota have barely been studied • Soil arthropods and soil fungi - two of the largest groups in the soil have received more attention • Importance of this below-ground ecosystem and its biodiversity is just beginning to be appreciated • Soil ecosystem is very much alive, dynamic and incredibly complex

Trends in human population growth: • Population has grown from an estimated 1 billion in 1800 to about 8 billion in 2022 • Annual global human population growth is estimated at 83 million (about 1.1percent ) • It is expected to rise to about 11.2 billion by the year 2100.

Surveying is defined as taking a general view of, by observation and measurement determining the boundaries, size, position, quantity, condition, value etc. of land, estates, building, farms mines etc. and finally presenting the survey data in a suitable form. This covers the work of the valuation surveyor, the quantity surveyor, the building surveyor, the mining surveyor and so forth, as well as the land surveyor. • Another school of thought define surveying as the act of making measurement of the relative position of natural and manmade features on earths surface and the presentation of this information either graphically or numerically.