Ante-mortem Inspection • This is the comprehensive examination of food animals destined to slaughter • Conducted in the Lairage within 24 hours of slaughter and repeated if slaughter has been delayed over a day • Done by an official veterinarian in the slaughter house • In some cases it can be done on the farm if legislation allows. E.g., pigs and poultry • The slaughterhouse layout and conditions must facilitate the ante-mortem inspections, so that each animal can be readily checked and identified. • Adequate lighting and separate pens for sick or suspect animals are necessary

Post Mortem Examination • Post Mortem Inspection - examination of carcasses and organs after slaughter to assess whether these products are fit for human consumption • Edible products - fit for human consumption; includes meat, certain offal, casing etc. from animals which have been examined and passed by an inspector • Inedible products - meat products which are not fit for human consumption e.g. horn, hair, bone, bristle, blood • Condemned meat - meat and meat products which have been found by an inspector not to be fit for human consumption. Includes diseased and defective carcasses or part of carcasses and severely contaminated products

Enzymes Enzymes are biocatalysts the catalysts of life. A catalyst is defined as a substance that increases the velocity or rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any change in the overall process. Enzymes may be defined as biocatalysts synthesized by living cells. Their basic properties include, They are protein in nature (exception - RNA acting as ribozyme), colloidal and thermolabile in character, and specific in their action. In the laboratory, hydrolysis of proteins by a strong acid at 100oC takes at least a couple of days. The same protein is fully digested by the enzymes in gastrointestinal tract at body temperature (37oC) within a couple of hours. This remarkable difference in the chemical reactions taking place in the living system is exclusively due to enzymes. The very existence of life is unimaginable without the presence of enzymes. Enzymes catalyse a specific substance called a substrate. Role of enzymes in biochemical reactions Enzymes are biological catalysts that increase the rate or velocity, v, of many physiologic reactions yet are not used up in the reaction and are synthesized by living cells. Enzymes are specialized proteins found and produced by living cells and act as biological catalysts a. In the absence of enzymes, most reactions in the body would proceed so slowly that life would be impossible. Some chemical reactions are only possible by enzymes. C. A deficiency in enzyme activity can cause disease. a. Inherited absence or mutations in enzymes involved in critical metabolic pathways e.g. the urea cycle or glycogen metabolism are referred to as inborn errors of metabolism. If not detected soon after birth, these conditions can lead to serious metabolic derangements in infants and even death. b. An enzyme deficiency can produce a deficiency of the product of the reaction it catalyzes, which may inhibit other reactions that depend on availability of that product. c. Accumulation of the substrate or metabolic byproducts of the substrate due to an enzyme deficiency can have profound physiologic consequences. d. Most inborn errors of metabolism manifest after birth because the exchange of metabolites between mother and fetus provides for fetal metabolic needs in utero. e. Therapeutic strategies for enzyme deficiency diseases include dietary modification and potential gene therapy or direct enzyme replacement

This is notes for first years sem 1 notes. They are very elaborative and wide based notes on matters of BOTANY.

COMPREHENSIVE

COMPREHENSIVE

COMREHENSIVE

COMREHENSIVE

The goal is for students to communicate engineering designs accurately through pictures since drawings are more effective than words alone. Precision and standardization are important for manufacturing.

COMPREHENSIVE NOTES

To help learners understand and appreciate the importance of economics national activities

To expose students to cooperative and microfinance activities

A complete handbook on WIPO's IP policy, law and use guidelines.

A full dive-in for an understanding of criminal litigation practice and procedure.

Summary of concepts in cellular basis of life

Comprehensive notes on fundamentals of entomology.

Complete lecture notes on viruses under viral genetics.

Helps a student understand the infection occurring in a patient

Designed to provide the country with high level power in geospatial information science

This course aims at introducing the learner to all groups of plants to be studied during the whole of the Bachelors course. The major morphological; identification features and the life cycles are covered from all the major plant groups.