The mammalian body is made of essentially non-living matter that is constituted and organized into forms that can contain and maintain life. The matter is in form of chemical compounds known as the chemicals of life. A description of these chemicals constitutes what is known as the chemical basis of life. There are two classes of chemical compounds in the mammalian body namely: a) Organic compounds. These are compounds that contain the element carbon covalently bound to other elements especially hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. b) Inorganic compounds. These are various types of salts/electrolytes in the body. Organic compounds There are four main classes of organic compounds in the body and these are referred to as macromolecules or biomolecules. They are: Carbohydrates. These are energy rich compounds that are readily broken down to release energy that runs the body’s life processes. They are also known as the biological fuel molecules. Carbohydrates are made of the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and are simply abbreviated as CHO. Carbohydrates are synthesized by plants through the process of photosynthesis. Animals acquire carbohydrates by feeding on plants. There are two subdivisions of carbohydrates in the body depending on complexity as explained below: a) Sugars Sugars are small carbohydrate molecules found in the diets and in the bodies of animals. Sugars are also known as saccharides. Some saccharides consist of a single sugar molecule and are known as monosaccharides. The most common and well known monosaccharide in the mammalian body is glucose. A few saccharides consist of two sugar units joined together and are known as disaccharides or double sugars. Examples of disaccharides in mammalian diets are sucrose (cane sugar), lactose (milk sugar) and maltose (a breakdown product of starch). b) Polysaccharides -These are large carbohydrate molecules consisting of large numbers of sugar molecules joined together. Examples of polysaccharides in animal diets are starch, glycogen and cellulose.

Promotion is conducted by persons who come up with the idea to form a company. A promoter is the person who conceives the idea of forming a company and who undertakes, does and goes through all the formalities and incidental preliminaries of incorporation. Legal position of the promoters A promoter is not an agent of the company during formation because the principal (company) does not legally exist. A promoter is not a trustee of the company during formation because the beneficiary doesn’t exist. Promoters are fiduciaries of the company with regard to formation. They have on their hands the creation and molding of the company. This is an equitable relationship based on trust, confidence and good faith. It imposes upon the promoter certain equitable or fiduciary obligations.

Elements of costs is a statement that is a presentation of costs data in form of a statement. It shows cost incurred under appropriate headings e.g: manufacturing using company we shall have: Direct materials + Direct expenses + Direct labour = Prime cost. Prime cost + Factory overheads (Production overheads) = Production costs. Production costs + Administrative overheads + Selling overheads + Distribution overheads = Total costs. Total costs + Profit = Selling price.

service costing is the process of identifying all costs associated with building, supporting, and delivering your service. Examples of service cost components include equipment, staff labor, professional fees, software, license fees, and data center charges, to name just a few.

This is charging of overhead to cost units. After determining the overhead of a cost centre these overheads are charged to cost unit. It means that the total overheads of a cost centre are distributed to all cost units produced by the cost centre.

Integration: reduction formulae, applications to arc length, plane and surface area, volume, mass centre and moments of inertia in Cartesian and polar co-ordinates. Improper integrals and their convergence. Integration as the limit of a sum including pincer method for evaluation of simple integrals. Double integrals including change of order of integration and change of variable.

The first chapter of the notes will tell you a bit about what this subject involves, and then will go over material that you should be familliar with: sets, relations, functions; equivalence relations; matrices and polynomials; and permutations.

Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe and occurs commonly in compounds on Earth. It has three isotopes, with tritium being radioactive. Hydrogen is prepared on a large scale through electrolysis of water or from natural gas and coal.

The aim of this course is to enable the student to; understand the laws of calculus, understand the various methods of differentiation and integration and apply calculus to engineering problems involving Kinematics.

PROTOZOA: Kingdom protista are Microscopic, eukaryotic unicellular animal-like organisms-. They are regarded as the most primitive animals that live in moist environment.

This course offers an in-depth examination and analysis of drama. Drama as a genre of literature has unique characteristics that have come about in response to its peculiar nature. Since drama thrives in action and is presented in dialogue, it is really difficult to separate it from performance because during the stage performance of a play, drama brings life experiences realistically to the audience.

The color purple is a literary text full of women's struggles in the societyand is recommended for university literature studies when examining the place of women in the society outlining the challenges they go through in a male dominated world.

Economic Growth Economic growth and economic development are generally not one and the same thing but most people use the terms interchangeably. What is economic growth and how is it different from economic development? Economic growth means increase in per capita income or sustained increase in a country's output of goods and services. Kenya’s Growth Performance Kenya’s economic growth has followed an oscillating pattern since independence in 1963 as shown in Figure 1. In 1964, the economy took an upward trajectory up to 1972 when the growth took a nosedive but started rising again in 1975. Following two decades of stagnation in per capita income and high volatility of economic activity, Kenya’s economy moved to a path of accelerating growth after 2002 when a new government was sworn in. The rate of economic growth increased steadily from below 1percent in 2002 to 7percent in 2007. Following the December 2007 elections, the country was hit by post election violence in January 2008 followed by global financial crisis in 2008/2009 and this negatively impacted the rate of economic growth as shown in Figure 1.

Economics is the study of how we make choices in the face of scarcity and how those choices motivate behavior.

Poverty Analysis and Measurement Development deals with the alleviation or the eradication of poverty. Poverty is inter-related to other problems of underdevelopment. In rural and urban communities, poverty can be very different. In urban areas people often have access to health and education but many of the problems caused by poverty are made worse by things like overcrowding, unhygienic conditions, pollution, unsafe houses etc. In rural areas there is often poor access to education, health and many other services but people usually live in healthier and safer environments. Since the alleviation of poverty is the most important aim of development work, we have to understand how to measure poverty. Development means that there has been some improvement and improvements must be measurable.

Choosing and Estimating a Poverty Line Once an aggregate income, consumption or non-monetary measure is defined at the household or individual level, the next step is to define one or more poverty lines. What is Poverty Line? Poverty lines are cut-off points separating the poor from the non-poor. They can be monetary (for example a certain level of consumption) or non-monetary (for example a certain level of literacy). The use of multiple lines can help in distinguishing different levels of poverty

The difference between research and non-research activity is, in the way we find answers: the process must meet certain requirements to be called research. We can identify these requirements by examining some definitions of research. Research is the process of conducting an organized and systematic way of finding answers to questions. This implies finding answers to questions by using reliable and valid laid down procedures, methods and techniques within a framework of a set of philosophies (approaches). The process should always be unbiased and objective. “Scientific research is systematic, controlled, empirical, and critical investigation of natural phenomena guided by theory and hypotheses about the presumed relations among such phenomena.” – Kerlinger, 1986.

Literature review is integral part of entire research process and makes valuable contribution to every operational step. This is an essential preliminary task in order to acquaint yourself with the available body of knowledge in your area of interest. Disadvantages of Literature Review i. It can be time-consuming at times ii. It is a daunting task when there is so much done about your area of in interest iii. It is frustrating when there is little or no study done about your area of interest. Key Functions of Literature Review i) Brings clarity and focus to your research problem ii) Improves your methodology; iii) Broadens your knowledge; iv) Contextualizes the author’s findings.

Step 4: Preparing the Research Design Research design is the conceptual structure within which research would be conducted. The function of research design is to provide for the collection of relevant information with minimal expenditure of effort, time and money. The preparation of research design, appropriate for a particular research problem, involves the consideration of the following: 1. Objectives of the research study. 2. Method of Data Collection to be adopted 3. Source of information—Sample Design 4. Tool for Data collection 5. Data Analysis-- qualitative and quantitative

Determining the Sample Design Sample design covers the areas of sampling frame, sample size, and sampling methodology. Aspects to be considered within these areas include: Researchers usually draw conclusions about large groups by taking a sample. A sample is a segment/ part/small section of the population selected to represent the population as a whole. Population on the other hand is the largest collection of values of a random variable for which we have an interest at a particular time. A sampling frame is a list of all members (e.g. persons, households, businesses, schools) of the target population for the survey. For example, a sampling frame may be the electoral roll, the membership list of a club, or a register of schools. Information collected from the sample is used to make conclusion/inferences on population characteristics. Ideally, the sample should be representative and allow the researcher to make accurate estimates of the thoughts and behaviour of the larger population. To draw conclusions about populations from samples, one must use inferential statistics to be able to determine a population’s characteristics by directly observing only a portion of the it. Designing the sample calls for three key decisions to answer the following questions: