Listening is the active process of receiving and responding to spoken (and sometimes unspoken) messages. It is one of the subjects studied in the field of language arts and in the discipline of conversation analysis.

The primary aim of writing this module is to introduce students to various selected themes in African history. The module is tailored to meet the needs of distance learning undergraduate students in their second year of study. The manner in which the chapters are presented takes cognizance of the fact that students already have basic introductory knowledge in History, Archaeology and Political science.

Kozi hii itarejelea misingi ya fonetiki na fonolojia. Hizi ni taaluma za kiisimu ambazo huzingatia sauti za lugha. Isimu husimamia m tazamo wa kisayansi wa maelezo ya muundo na matumizi ya lugha. Mtazamo huu unasisitiza sifa tatu: uwazi, utaratibu na ukamilifu wa maelezo.

Fasihi simulizi ni istilahi inayotumiwa kuelezea dhana ya Fasihi itolewayo kwa mdomo bila kuandikwa. Istilahi hii ina dosari kwani neno simulizi haina maana kitu kinachonenwa (oral) bali ina maana ya kitu kinachosimuliwa (narrative). Hivyo tafsiri ya simulizi katika kiingereza ni "narrative literature" siyo oral literature.

A policy is a purposive, consistent, course of action, formulated by specific political process which is executed and enforced.

Public policy entails a set of interrelated decisions taken by a political actor or group of actors concerning the selection of goals and the means of achieving them within a specified situation where those decisions should, in principle, be within the power of those actors to achieve- William Jenkins, 1978.

This lesson introduces the concept of public finance and its historical developments dating back to the era of renowned economist Adam Smith. The principles of public finance enshrined in the Constitution of Kenya 2010 are covered as well as sources of public finance with major focus on taxation. The purpose of this lesson is to enable you understand the principles and role of public finance in a given country.

Sociology of religion is the scientific study of the ways in which culture, society and class relationships affect religion and the ways in which religion affects individuals and the social structure.

The discipline of sociology is founded on a trinity of three main pillars: social structure, social research methods and social theory. You may like to think of the discipline of sociology as a traditional African stool that stands on three legs: social structure, social research methods and social theory. Having been introduced to the discipline of sociology last semester, this course exposes you to the first pillar: social structure. As you go on with your courses in sociology you will encounter the other two pillars: social research methods and social theory. To put them in perspective: Social theory attempts to explain why things happen and how they happen. It also attempts to predict social phenomena. Social research methods deal with how sociologists come to know what they know about society and the tools that they use to test the validity of some of the predictions made by theory. Social structure attempts to explain and describe the reality of how society is constructed.

Somo hili linatoa utangulizi wa chombo hiki cha binadamu kinachoitwa lugha. kwa muda mrefu binadamu amejaribu kuelewa lugha bila mafanikio makubwa hadi mikabala ya kisayansi ilipoanza .

This is the scientific study of people in group relations. Sociologists use scientific methods in their research studies to develop a body of accurate and reliable knowledge about human relationships.

This module on introduction to ethics has been carefully developed to introduce you to the basic ethical concepts, theories and principles. Ethics being a philosophical discipline this module has employed the philosophical methods and tools of evaluation and analysis. The course therefore exposes you to philosophical thinking about morality.

Fromkin, Rodman and Hyams (2009) define articulatory phonetics as the branch of phonetics that studies how the human vocal tract produces the sounds of language, while Crystal (2008) defines articulatory phonetics as "the study of the way speech sounds are made (articulated') by the avagal organs."

Development can be defined as systemic changes and continuities in the individual that occur between conception and death or from womb to tomb. The changes are systemic in that they are orderly, patterned and relatively enduring-not fleeting and unpredictable like mood swings. Involve continuities; ways in which we remain the same or continue to reflect our pasts.

Leadership is a process by which a person influences others to accomplish an objective and directs the organization in a way that makes it more cohesive and coherent. Leadership is a process of social influence, which maximizes the efforts of others, towards the achievement of a goal.

In physics we deal with physical quantities which are usually quantified by measuring. The process of measuring involves assigning a number to a physical quantity by comparing it with a standard. The standard quantity is called unit and used to measure the given physical quantity. For instance when we say the length is 5 m, it means the standard used is one meter ( 1 m) and the length is 5 times of the standard length. A standard adopted as a unit should have the following features: i) It must be universally acceptable and of reasonable size. ii) Its magnitude must be definite and definable iii) Its magnitude should not change with time, temperature and pressure i.e. it should be invariable and iv) It should be reproducible.

Development is a progressive series of qualitative changes that occur in a predictable pattern as a result of the interaction between biological and environmental factors. It is a unique kind of change that is cumulative and occurs over time in a social context. For example language use, thought processing, reading skills, and peer relationships.

This course broadly introduces students to the discipline of Political Science. More specifically, the course explores basic concepts in politics, theories and ideologies, configurations of the state and government, and the institutional frameworks of politics.

This course introduces you to the grammar of the English Language. It begins with and identification and classification of the words of the English Language. It then explain how the words of the language interact and combine to form larger structures, such as phrases which in turn combine to form clauses. The clause is the unit used by a speaker to express thoughts and thus clearly communicate with other people. This course introduces you the basic structure of the English language clause and how it can be used to communicate thoughts in different styles.

This module provides a view of psychology as a science. It introduces key scientific concepts that can be used in application of psychological principles to conduct experiments about cause and effect of behavior.