Environment literally means the surroundings, external objects, influences or circumstances under which someone or something exists. The environment of any organization is "the aggregate of all conditions, events and influences that surround and affect it." Davis, K, The Challenge of Business, (New York: McGraw Hill, 1975), p. 43.

‘Law’ means any rule of conduct, standard or pattern, to which actions are required to conform; if not conformed, sanctions are imposed. When we speak of the law of a State, we use the term ‘law’ in a special and strict sense. In this sense, the term ‘law’ is defined in Oxford English Dictionary as “the body of rules whether proceeding from formal enactment or from custom, which a particular State or community recognises as binding on its subjects or members”. These are rules which are recognised and acted on by courts of justice. Law may also be defined as rule of conduct of persons (both natural and artificial), imposed upon and enforced among the members of a given State.

Corporate governance is a central and dynamic aspect of business. The term ‘governance’ is derived from the Latin word gubernare, meaning ‘to steer’, usually applying to the steering of a ship, which implies that corporate governance involves the function of direction rather than control.

The information storage and retrieval has become very important in our day-to-day life. The old era of manual system is no longer used in most of the places.

Programming practices have evolved considerably over the past few decades. As more and more programmers gained experience problems unknown hitherto, began to surface.

Software project management includes the tools, techniques, and knowledge essential to deal with the growth of software products. In Software Project Management, the end users and developers require to know the cost of the project, duration and length. It is a process of managing, allocating and timing resources to develop computer software that meets necessities.

Information System is a particular discipline or branch of learning that is concerned with the application of information to organizational needs.

ERP systems are now ubiquitous in large businesses and the current move by vendors is to repackage them for small to medium enterprises (SMEs).

Operations Research has gained wider acclaim in the modern complex business world. For every complex problem of an industry today, well defined Operations Research tools are the solace.

Management Information System is an old management tool, which has been long used by people for better management and scientific decision-making.

Consumer behavior is a rapidly growing discipline of study. It means more than just how a person buys products.

Before the industrial revolution the marketing task was relatively simple because the economic scene was dominated by small scale enterprises. The only problem was to produce goods for consumers which were sold out without any difficulty.

Before the industrial revolution the marketing task was relatively simple because the economic scene was dominated by small scale enterprises. The only problem was to produce goods for consumers which were sold out without any difficulty.

Product Management is becoming an important function of marketing. With the passage of time, product management has undergone many changes. It is no more a department of churning out promotional materials but is has now become the nerve center of the organization.

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The question being asked by even some senior marketers in India is, "Why rural marketing, when there is enough business available in the urban markets even today?" People are afraid of the unknown elements of the rural markets and they feel that different marketing theories and principles would be required in rural marketing.

In every economic system, some units which may be individual or institutions are surplus-generating, others are deficit-generating.

As India moves increasingly toward a services economy, marketers need to know more about marketing service products. On a simplistic note, one can say that services are activities or benefits that one party can offer to another that are essentially intangible and do not result in the ownership of anything. Thus we see how services are different from goods.

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The questions and challenges that the world faces in the current times are fundamentally different from those that it has wrestled with for decades after decades.