In the digital era, various information is presented as data in our life. What is data? How is data transmitted? In this note we will use the network reference model to understand the life of data.

The Versatile Routing Platform (VRP) is a universal operating system (OS) platform for Huawei datacom products. It is based on IP and adopts a component-based architecture. It provides rich features and functions, including application-based tailorable and extensible functions, greatly improving the running efficiency of the devices that use this OS. To efficiently manage such devices, you must be familiar with VRP and VRP-based configuration. This note describes the basic concepts, common commands, and command line interface (CLI) of VRP.

Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4) is the core protocol suite in the TCP/IP protocol suite. It works at the network layer in the TCP/IP protocol stack and this layer corresponds to the network layer in the Open System Interconnection Reference Model (OSI RM). The network layer provides connectionless data transmission services. A network does not need to establish a connection before sending data packets. Each IP data packet is sent separately. This notes describes the basic concepts of IPv4 addresses, subnetting, network IP address planning, and basic IP address configuration.

There are typically multiple IP subnets on a typical data communication network. Layer 3 devices are required to exchange data between these IP subnets. These devices have the routing capability and can forward data across subnets. Routing is the basic element of data communication networks. It is the process of selecting paths on a network along which packets are sent from a source to a destination. This note introduces the basic concepts of routing.

Static routes are manually configured. If a network topology changes, static routes have to be manually adjusted, which restricts the large-scale application of static routes on the live network. Dynamic routing protocols are widely used on live networks because of their high flexibility, high reliability, and easy scalability. The Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) protocol is a widely used dynamic routing protocol. This course describes basic concepts,working mechanism, and basic configurations of OSPF.

Data transmission on networks must comply with certain standards. Ethernet protocols define how data frames are transmitted over an Ethernet network. Understanding Ethernet protocols is the basis for fully understanding communication at the data link layer. An Ethernet switch is the main device for implementing data link layer communication. It is essential to understand how an Ethernet switch works. This note describes the concepts related to Ethernet protocols, MAC address types, and working process and mechanism of Layer 2 switches.

Ethernet technology implements data communication over shared media based on carrier sense multiple access with collision detection (CSMA/CD). If there are a large number of PCs on the Ethernet, security risks and broadcast storms may occur, deteriorating network performance and even causing network breakdowns. The virtual local area network (VLAN) technology is therefore introduced to solve the preceding problem. This note describes basic VLAN principles, working principles of different Layer 2 interfaces, VLAN applications, data forwarding principles, and basic VLAN configuration methods.

The notes provide deep understanding about PRODUCT PLANNING. This includes product life cycle, process of identifying and articulating market requirements that define a product's feature set.

ACE YOUR EXAMS WITH CONFIDENCE

The reaction people may have when presented with demands and pressures that are not matched to their knowledge and abilities and which challenge their ability to cope. (WHO).How we react when we feel under pressure or threatened

A set of simplified notes on Supply Chain Management that are quick to understand

Economics is the social science that studies how individuals, businesses, governments, and societies allocate limited resources to fulfill their unlimited wants and needs. It examines how people make decisions in various situations involving the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.

The course is designed to introduce the learner to the purpose and meaning of Statistics; and to the use of statistics in research design, data collection, data analysis and research reporting, especially in counseling psychology.

Course aim is to examine the principal areas of the law relevant to purchasing and supply with special emphasis on Contract and Sale of Goods, and to test the ability of the candidates to apply their knowledge to practical situations which may be encountered.

Firm 1 Assignment: Come Up With Your Firm’s Name Vision, Mission And Strategic Objectives discuss The Most Common Forms Of Business Organizations Preferred By Legal Practitioners And The Reasons Why They Prefer Them.

Legislation should be drafted in clear, simple and precise language: Clarity determines ease of understanding and removes ambiguity. Simplicity requires that unnecessary elements are excluded but should not result in legislation failing to have its intended effect. Precision ensures there is certainty in the mind of the reader.

It is that branch of law that deals with the inheritance of the property of a person. The key factors that exist includes, that there should be: Death of the property owner & Devolution of the property to the heirs.

In each of the appeals we will show the documents required by the appellant and in some cases by the respondent. We will also give a brief on the procedures which were followed and the provisions of law on which they are founded. The objective of our presentation is to help you experience as close as possible the civil appeal process as it moves up the hierarchy of courts.

Statistics is concerned with the scientific method of collecting, organizing, summarizing, presenting and analyzing statistical information (data) as well as drawing valid conclusion on the basis of such analysis. It could be simply defined as the science of data. Thus, statistics uses facts or numerical data, assembled, classified and tabulated so as to present significant information about a given subject. Statistic is a science of understanding data and making decisions in the face of randomness.

In statistics, a categorical variable is a variable that can take on one of a limited, and usually fixed, number of possible values, assigning each individual or other unit of observation to a particular group or nominal category on the basis of some qualitative property.