A heat engine, or more simply, an engine, is a device that extracts energy from its environment in the form of heat and does useful work. At the heart of every engine is a working substance. In a steam engine, the working substance is water, in both its vapor and its liquid form. In an automobile engine, the working substance is a gasoline–air mixture. If an engine is to do work on a sustained basis, the working substance must operate in a cycle; that is, the working substance must pass through a closed series of thermodynamic processes, called strokes, returning again and again to each state in its cycle.

Gibbs free energy, also known as the Gibbs function, Gibbs energy, or free enthalpy, is a quantity that is used to measure the maximum amount of work done in a thermodynamic system when the temperature and pressure are kept constant. Gibbs free energy is denoted by the symbol ‘G’. Its value is usually expressed in Joules or Kilojoules.

Thermodynamic potentials are state functions that, together with the corresponding equations of state, describe the equilibrium behavior of a system as a function of so-called “natural variables”. The natural variables are a set of appropriate variables that allow to compute other state functions by partial differentiation of the thermodynamic potentials.

The generic phase diagram of a substance in the P-T coordinates is shown in figure 8.1a and b. Every point of this diagram is an equilibrium state. Different states of the system in equilibrium are called phases. The lines dividing different phases are called the coexistence curves. Along these curves, the phases coexist in equilibrium, and the system is macroscopically inhomogeneous. All three coexistence curves can meet at the triple point.

Projects are a group of activities that have to be performed with limited resources to yield specific objectives, in a specific time, and in a specific locality. Thus, a project is a temporary endeavor employed to create a unique product, service or results. Projects are an investment on which resources are used to create assets that will produce benefits over an expanded period of time.

Good project management deals with three factors: time, cost and performance. Projects are successful if they are completed on time, within budget, and to performance requirements. In order to bring the many components of a large project into control there is a large toolkit of techniques, methodologies, and tools.

Project planning defines the project activities and deliverables that will be performed and describes how the activities will be accomplished. The purpose of project planning is to define each major task, estimate the time and resources required and provided a framework management review and control.

A feasibility study is essentially a process for determining the viability of a proposed initiative or service and providing a framework and direction for its development and delivery. It is a process for making sound decisions and setting direction.

Estimates are made to discover the cost, to the developer, of producing a software system. You take into account, hardware, software, travel, training, overheads and effort costs. There is not a simple relationship between the development cost and the price charged to the customer.

Software configuration management is an umbrella activity that is applied throughout the software process. Because change can occur at any time, SCM activities are developed to; 1. Identify change 2. Control change 3. Ensure that change is being properly implemented 4. Report change to others who may have an interest

Risk management is the systematic process of planning for, identifying, analyzing, responding to, and monitoring project risks. It involves processes, tools, and techniques that will help the project manager maximize the probability and results of positive events and minimize the probability and consequences of adverse events as indicated and appropriate within the context of risk to the overall project objectives of cost, time, scope and quality.

Machining is accomplished by cutting tools. Cutting tools undergo high force and temperature and temperature gradient.

In this lesson, we are going to lay the foundations for the entire course by defining key terms marriage and family and by exploring the origins of the family. Marriage and family are the building blocks of any society and as students of sociology; we know that family is the basic institution of society. The purpose of this lesson is to help you understand what marriage and family all are about.

Applications of the kinetic theory of gases are countless. Automobile engineers are concerned with the combustion of vaporized fuel (a gas) in the automobile engines. Food engineers are concerned with the production rate of the fermentation gas that causes bread to rise as it bakes. Beverage engineers are concerned with how gas can produce the head in a glass of beer or shoot a cork from a champagne bottle. Medical engineers and physiologists are concerned with calculating how long a scuba diver must pause during ascent to eliminate nitrogen gas from the bloodstream (to avoid the bends).

Let X and Y be discrete random variables, denoted by x a realizable value of X and by y a realizable value of Y. let the probability that X takes values x and Y takes values y be denoted by P( ) X = x,Y = y Then the function f ( ) ( ) x, y = P X = x,Y = y is said to be the joint probability function of X and Y if it satisfies the following two conditions

In this lecture, we are going to get an overview of computers, their component parts and how they work. We will also learn how computer components are connected as well as theprocedures of starting and shutting down a computer. Moreover, we will go over the subject of computer applications and why it is becoming increasingly important that you become computer literate. Some of these topics will be discussed in more detail in later lectures.

ANAPHASE. Each chromosome undergoes a longitudinal division of the centromere and give rise to two daughter chromosomes. The daughter chromosomes begins to migrate towards the opposite poles of the cell

The cardiovascular system (cardio- heart; vascular blood vessels) consists of three interrelated components: blood, the heart, and blood vessels. In the embryo, the heart begins to beat at 4 weeks of age, even before its nerve supply has been established The heart pumps blood through blood vessels to all body tissues. the heart beats about 100,000 times every day When sleeping, the heart pumps 30 times its own weight (5 L) each minute, which amounts to more than 14,000 liters of blood in a day and 10 million liters in a year

a continuous tube that extends from mouth to the anus through the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities The accessory digestive organs; teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas The length of the GI tract is about 5–7 metres in a living person 3 GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTE

Agriculture is the art and science of cultivating the soil, growing crops and raising livestock. It includes the preparation of plant and animal products for people to use and their distribution to markets. Agriculture provides most of the world's food and fabrics.