Pharmacology is the study of the biological effects of chemicals. • Pharmacognosy- is the study of medicines or crude drugs produced from natural sources such as plants, microbes, and animals • After a drug is administered, it is called a medication. • Drugs- A drug is a chemical agent capable of producing biologic responses within the body.

• A nurse who wishes to be an effective caregiver must first learn how to communicate effectively. • Good communication skills enable nurses to get to know their patients, take history, diagnose, plan and meet their needs for nursing care. • To adequately document the patient’s health history, communication techniques are important. • Communication skills are therefore the building blocks of professional relationships between nurse and client, and the nurse and co- workers. • Good skills help in exchange of ideas to facilitate problem solving.

A mother should be ready in all aspects: physically, mentally, socially, economically. Genetic testing and counselling Proper nutrition Treatment of existing diseases and conditions Prevention of unwanted pregnancies Consideration for extreme ages

If the coronary blood supply is not sufficient to meet the needs of the heart, the result may be ischemia, injury or an infarction (necrosis) of the heart muscle itself. • tHe left main coronary artery branches into; •left circumflex coronary artery •left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery. • The right coronary artery (RCA) supplies nutrients and oxygen to the right atrium, the right ventricle and the inferior wall of the left ve

Penicillins • Penicillin was the first antibiotic introduced for clinical use. • Sir Alexander Fleming used Penicillium molds to produce the original penicillin in the 1920s • Penicillins include: penicillinase-resistant penicillins:-Oxacillin, dicloxacillin, and nafcillin which are naturally resistant to certain beta-lactamases.

The health care industry, in the world, Kenya included has experienced profound changes during the past several decades. Nursing, as a health care profession and a major component of the health care delivery system, is significantly affected by shifts in the health care industry. In addition, nursing has been and will continue to be an important force in shaping the future of the health care system.

Antithyroid drugs are drugs used to lower the functional capacity of hyperactive thyroid glands, they are hormone antagonists actions upon thyroid hormones.

here are 4 primary drugs (first-line) used in the treatment (RIFAFOUR) Rifampicin (R) Isoniazid (H) Pyrazinamide (Z) Ethambutol (E)

Antiseptics and disinfectants are locally acting antimicrobial drugs. These agents are used to reduce acquisition and transmission of infection. Drugs suitable for antisepsis and disinfection cannot be used internally because of toxicity. As a rule, agents used as disinfectants are too harsh for application to living tissue

CAD involves changes in the coronary vessels that promote atheromas, which narrow the coronary arteries and decrease their elasticity and responsiveness to normal stimuli. • Angina pectoris occurs when the narrowed vessels cannot accommodate the myocardial demand for oxygen. • When a coronary vessel is completely occluded, the cells that depend on that vessel for oxygen become ischemic, then necrotic, and die (MI).

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This course provides the student with an introduction to the basic elements of modern microeconomics. The course provides coverage of the institutional background and the history of significant microeconomic ideas and issues in Kenya and around the world. It will develop an understanding of how microeconomics relates to practical life. Students are expected to apply the knowledge in other economics units. The study employs extensive use of diagrams and mathematical expressions in the illustration of concepts.

The way you speak tells more about you than the way you dress. And of course changing one’s clothes is easier than altering your enunciation. But it is possible, with some effort, to train yourself to speak a language in a way that is not too divergent from the way native speaker do. This module is meant to help you to that end learning the English language.

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Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites; their replication depends primarily on synthetic processes of the host cell. Therefore, to be effective, antiviral agents must either block viral entry into or exit from the cell or be active inside the host cell.

Protozoa are a diverse group of unicellular eukaryotic organisms, many of which are motile. • Parasitic protozoa are transmitted by insects or by fecal-oral route. • In human.s protozoa mainly reside in blood or intestine . • Protozoa of medical importance include plasmodium, amoeba, trypanosomes leishmania etc

It is a common movement disorder that involves dysfunction in the basal ganglia and associated brain structures. • It is a progressive neurological disorder of muscle movement characterized by: Tremors Muscle rigidity Bradykinesias =slowness in initiating and carrying out voluntary movements. Postural and gait abnormalities

Malaria is transmitted by the bite of infected female anopheles mosquitoes. During feeding, mosquitoes inject sporozoites, which circulate to the liver, and rapidly infect hepatocytes, causing asymptomatic liver infection (hepatic phase)(absent in falciparum; malariae) . Merozoites released from the liver, rapidly infect erythrocytes to begin the asexual erythrocytic stage of infection that is responsible for human disease. Multiple rounds of erythrocytic development, with production of merozoites that invade additional erythrocytes, lead to large numbers of circulating parasites and clinical illness