PETROLEUM CHEMISTRY Carbon is so Important in the Life Cycle. It has numerous ways of bonding with many other elements, particularly oxygen and hydrogen. It can form both “organic” and “inorganic” compounds. Organic compounds are considered unstable in the biosphere because they are in the reduced state. Whereas Inorganic compounds, principally calcite (CaCO3 ) and dolomite (CaMg(CO3 )2 ), are stable because they are in the oxidized state. Carbon is present in most substances that are vital for the development of life (called “biomolecules”): Proteins, lipids, sacharides, etc

Alkyl halides are organic molecules containing a halogen atom bonded to an sp3 hybridized carbon atom. • Alkyl halides are classified as primary (1°), secondary (2°), or tertiary (3°), depending on the number of carbons bonded to the carbon with the halogen atom. • The halogen atom in halides is often denoted by the symbol “X”.

Natural Gas Natural gas is a gaseous fossil fuel consisting primarily of methane but including significant quantities of ethane, butane, propane, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, helium and hydrogen sulfide. Obtained from oil fields and natural gas fields, and in coal beds. Methane-rich gases are produced by the anaerobic decay of non-fossil organic material, ie biogas. Total world production of natural gas in 1986 was 100 trillion m3 . It is used as feed stock as well as fuel. It is preferred due to its high Calorific Value

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Development refers to qualitative changes in behavioural characteristics of the individual leading towards maturity. Development can be inferred from the differentiation and emerging capabilities (functioning) of the individual e.g. cognitive, social, and moral, personality and motor abilities.

The course will introduce you to electromagnetic radiation, as light, mainly visible, which undergoes the phenomena of reflection and refraction, which are applied to optical elements, namely mirrors and lenses.

This enriches ones knowledge in the field of guidance and counseling.Besides,sharpens one skills to be a better counselor.Therefore this will go along way to sort out problems like depression in the society and also help you individually.

A market is not necessarily a physical and geographically identifiable place, and goods traded are not necessarily physical goods. Trading might take place over the telephone, and goods traded might be knowledge, etc.

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A set is a well defined list, collection or class of objects.

Subject matter of labour law consists of the rules which govern the employment relationship but a broader perspective would see labour law as the normative framework for the existence and operation of all the institutions of the labour market.

The study of economics begins with understanding of human “wants”. Scarcity forces us to economise. We weigh up the various alternatives and select that particular assortment of goods which yields the highest return from our limited resources. Modern economists use this idea to define the scope of their studies.

There has been no precise definition of money which has conveniently covered its functions. It appears that there are many definitions of money as there are writers of economics. However there are four approaches to definition of money including Conventional approach, Chicago approach.

Industrial relations is the relationship between employers and employees or trade union. It has been defined also as that part of management which is concerned with the man power of the enterprise i.e. skilled, semi-skilled and unskilled.

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The aim of the course is to introduce the institutions and processes of employee and industrial relations with an emphasis on laws,institutions and social processes. It combines theoretical and historical understandings of industrial relations with a detailed examination of the current problems andstrategies of the key industrial relations players.

DBY 2101 BIOCHEMISTRY Introduction The term ‘biochemistry’ was first introduced by a German chemist Carl Neuberg in 1903. Biochemistry may be defined as a science concerned with the chemical nature and chemical behavior of the living matter. Biochemistry is the study of the chemical basis of life. Biochemistry helps us understand how biological systems work. ‘A biochemist is an investigator who utilizes chemical, physical or biological techniques to study chemical nature and behavior of living matter

DBY 2101 BIOCHEMISTRY Introduction The term ‘biochemistry’ was first introduced by a German chemist Carl Neuberg in 1903. Biochemistry may be defined as a science concerned with the chemical nature and chemical behavior of the living matter. Biochemistry is the study of the chemical basis of life. Biochemistry helps us understand how biological systems work. ‘A biochemist is an investigator who utilizes chemical, physical or biological techniques to study chemical nature and behavior of living matter