DBY 2101 BIOCHEMISTRY Introduction The term ‘biochemistry’ was first introduced by a German chemist Carl Neuberg in 1903. Biochemistry may be defined as a science concerned with the chemical nature and chemical behavior of the living matter. Biochemistry is the study of the chemical basis of life. Biochemistry helps us understand how biological systems work. ‘A biochemist is an investigator who utilizes chemical, physical or biological techniques to study chemical nature and behavior of living matter

DBY 2101 BIOCHEMISTRY Introduction The term ‘biochemistry’ was first introduced by a German chemist Carl Neuberg in 1903. Biochemistry may be defined as a science concerned with the chemical nature and chemical behavior of the living matter. Biochemistry is the study of the chemical basis of life. Biochemistry helps us understand how biological systems work. ‘A biochemist is an investigator who utilizes chemical, physical or biological techniques to study chemical nature and behavior of living matter

Polyurethanes are prepared from diisocyanates and diols. Urethane (also called a carbamate) is a functional group that contains both an ester and an amide at a single carbonyl group. Nucleophilic Addition Reaction: Example 1: Sevin is a highly effective, biodegradable insecticide. It affects the nervous systems of insects by blocking access to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.

PETROLEUM CHEMISTRY Carbon is so Important in the Life Cycle. It has numerous ways of bonding with many other elements, particularly oxygen and hydrogen. It can form both “organic” and “inorganic” compounds. Organic compounds are considered unstable in the biosphere because they are in the reduced state. Whereas Inorganic compounds, principally calcite (CaCO3 ) and dolomite (CaMg(CO3 )2 ), are stable because they are in the oxidized state. Carbon is present in most substances that are vital for the development of life (called “biomolecules”): Proteins, lipids, sacharides, etc

Natural Gas Natural gas is a gaseous fossil fuel consisting primarily of methane but including significant quantities of ethane, butane, propane, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, helium and hydrogen sulfide. Obtained from oil fields and natural gas fields, and in coal beds. Methane-rich gases are produced by the anaerobic decay of non-fossil organic material, ie biogas. Total world production of natural gas in 1986 was 100 trillion m3 . It is used as feed stock as well as fuel. It is preferred due to its high Calorific Value

Human physiology Definition physiology explains physical and chemical factors that are responsible for the origin, development, and progression of ( .life ,(each type of life

SBT1102 – BIOCHEMISTRY UNIT 1 CARBOHYDRATES Introduction. Classification, Properties and Biological importance. Isomers, epimers, enantiomers,mutarotation, open chain and closed chain structures of glucose. UNIT 2 AMINOACIDS AND PROTEINS Aminoacids: classification- essential and non-essential amino acids, protein and nonprotein amino acids, Zwitter ions. Proteins: Classification- based on i) shape and solubility and ii) increasing complexity of structure. Structure of proteins: primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary, biological significance. Concept of isoelectric point and its significance. UNIT 3 LIPIDS Introduction, Classification, Properties and Biological importance. Fatty acid nomenclature and structure, Lipids in cell membrane Cholesterol and Steroids, Hormones - structure and function UNIT 4 NUCLEIC ACIDS Introduction- Nitrogeneous bases - Purines and Pyrimidines - Nucleosides and Nucleotides -- Structure of nucleic acids - DNA, RNA: m-RNA, t-RNA, r-RNA - Biological importance of nucleic acids. 16s rRNA and its significance. UNIT 5 VITAMINS AND MINERALS Vitamins: fat soluble and water soluble vitamins. Minerals: Micro and Macro minerals. Biological importance of vitamin and minerals, deficiency symptoms

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM The endocrine system is a network of glands in your body that make the hormones that help cells talk to each other. They’re responsible for almost every cell, organ, and function in your body. If your endocrine system isn't healthy, you might have problems developing during puberty, getting pregnant, or managing stress. You also might gain weight easily, have weak bones, or lack energy because too much sugar stays in your blood instead of moving into your cells where it's needed for energy

Matter and living organisms are organized in a certain order, from the simplest level to the most complex level. Cells occupy the first level of matter that is described as living as illustrated in the figure below

Sarcomere • Is the smallest contractile unit in the myofibril. • Is the region between 2 neighbouring Z LINES • is composed of long, fibrous proteins as filaments that slide past each other when a muscle contracts or relaxes. • When the myofibril is examined by electron microscopy, alternating dark and light bands can be observed.