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Epidemiology Exam Questions and Answers
Epidemiology, infectious diseases, parasitology, tropical medicine syllabus for 2020/2021 covers key topics: 1) Epidemiology including definition, goals, methods of study. 2) Infectious disease process and characteristics of different forms. 3) Epidemiological process outlining spread of infection and different occurrence forms. 4) Sources of infection like patients and zoonoses (diseases transmitted between animals and humans).
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INVENTOR BUSINESS STUDIES FORM 3
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The syllabus prescribed for Business Studies under the new curriculum is a complete departure from the traditional view of this subject held by education authorities in Kenya since independence. By covering the elementary introduction to the commercial world in form two, the Business Studies Book Three justifiably creates an opportunity to enrich the students in the subject for further studies.
181 Pages
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Uploaded: 2025-05-22
Bembea ya Maisha – Set Book by Timothy M Arege
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Bembea ya Maisha ni hadithi kuhusu Yona na mkewe Sara pamoja na Bunju na mkewe Neema. Wahusika hawa wanajikuta katika vuta nikuvute inayochochewa na mitazamo ya kitamaduni, uhalisia wa mambo pamoja na matamanio ya wahusika binafsi.
54 Pages
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NGUU ZA JADI SETBOOK BY CLARA MOMANYI
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Download a copy of the NGUU ZA JADI SETBOOK BY CLARA MOMANYI, The softcopy book version is complete with all its chapters and pages intact. Get your copy today!
111 Pages
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GRADE 7 CREATIVE ARTS AND SPORTS COMPLETE NOTES
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The document discusses creative arts and sports, including their definitions, categories, components and roles in society. It describes visual arts, music, dance and other elements. The document also outlines principles of visual arts and basic elements of a play.
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GRADE 1 MID TERM 2 COMBINED EXAMS 2025
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Download a copy of the GRADE 1 MID TERM 2 COMBINED EXAMS, Subjects covered includes; Mathematics, Creative Activities, Religion, Kiswahili, English and Environmental Areas. This a great resource for your learner assessment. Get a copy today!
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FORM 2 BIOLOGY NOTES WITH DIAGRAMS BY SAM OBARE
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Get a copy of the comprehensive Biology Lesson Notes with well lebelled diagrams and illustrations. This is a great reference material for your studies or revision. Download your copy today!
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Atrial Rhythms
Atria are the superficial chambers of the heart
• Right atrium receive blood from systemic circulation through inferior and superior vena cava
• Left atria receive from pulmonary circulation (lungs) through pulmonary veins
• Atrial kick: Contraction of atria to push the remaining blood into the ventricles. 70% of the blood flow passively into the ventricles.
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Cardiomyopathy
Cardiomyopathy
Definition
This is a disease of the heart muscle: -
Cardio (heart),Myo (muscle), and Pathy (pathology) the myocardial
heart muscle is affected.
Cardiomyopathies are categorized as (extrinsic)- caused by external
factors such as hypertension, ischemia, inflammation,\ and valvular
dysfunction or as (intrinsic ) corresponding to myocardial diseases
without identifiable external causes .
Cardiomyopathy may be primary or secondary
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Heart Surgery
Heart Surgery- A surgery in which the chest wall
is surgically opened and heart is exposed.
Surgery can be performed on the heart
muscles, valves and the great arteries. This can
be done through open, or closed heart surgery
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Cardiovascular Assessment & Diagnosis
Case scenario
Mr. Zee aged 69 years was being observed at the A/E dept with c/o coughing, dizziness/fainting, dyspnea, palpitation, indigestion, haziness.
Recently, he had a syncope episode at the work place and was treated and discharged on
medication.
He says sometimes he gets both chest pains and abdominal pains with associated indigestion
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Introduction to ECG(Electrophysiology)
The electrocardiogram is the graphical representation of the electrical activity of the heart
• It records the electrical activity of atrial ventricular cells in form of specific waveforms and complexes.
• The first ECG was introduced by Willem Einthoven, a Dutch physiologist, in the early 1900s
• ECG is an important diagnostic method in cardiac conditions.
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Introduction to ECG (Basic Electrocardiogram)
Indications For ECG Monitoring
Indicated for:-
• To monitor a patient’s heart rate and rhythm
• Evaluate the effects of disease or injury on heart function
• Evaluate pacemaker function
• Evaluate the response to medications
• Obtain a baseline recording before, during, and after a medical procedure
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Junctional Rhythms ( Electrophysiology)
The (AVN) Atrial Ventricular Node is a group of specialized cells located in the lower part of the right atrium above the tricuspid valve base. Its function is to Delay, Relay and Filter impulses as they pass through the Ventricles.
The nodal cells have pacemaker properties and can pace the heart at a rate of 40-60b/min. Rhythms coming from the AV junction are called .Junctional dysrhythmias. The electrical impulse must travel backward
( Retrograde) to activate the atria.
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KENYA JUNIOR SCHOOL ASSESMENT
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Pre technical comprehensive rationalised exam
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Sinus Mechanisms
A normal heartbeat results from an electrical impulse that originates from the hearts primary pace maker-(SA node)
• The Normal sinus rhythm records the hearts electrical impulse that starts in the SAN spreading through the normal conduction pathway.
• The SAN dominates other areas that may pace the heart slower and abnormally.
All other rhythms will be compared to the Normal Sinus
Rhythm
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Ventricular Rhythms
The ventricles (purkinje fibres) may assume the function of pacing the heart, they pace at a slower rate 20-40b/min which cannot sustain the body's perfusion requirements. Rhythms originating from the ventricles are called ventricular arrhythmias because they originate in the ventricles.
Ventricular arrhythmias occur when:-
a) The SAN fails to initiate an impulse
b) The AVN does not pick to pace
c) There is an irritable foci in the ventricular muscle
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Sickle cell Crisis
Sickle cell disease (SCD)
• A group of hereditary disorders in which the normal adult hemoglobin (hemoglobin A) is partly or completely replaced by abnormal sickle hemoglobin (HgbS).
• The most common genetic hematologic condition in children
• Transmitted by autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance.
• Patient with this condition is homozygous for the sickle cell gene, i.e. both genes are abnormal.
• The basic defect responsible for the sickling of
erythrocytes is contained in the globin fraction of hemoglobin
• The mode of transmission is hereditary
• The gene that determines the production of HgbS is situated on an autosome.
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Treatment modalities for hematological disorders
These are therapies aimed at preventing, alleviating the underlying cause or treating the hematological disorder
• They include
1. Nutritional therapy: meal management to ensure rich sources of iron, vitamin K, vitamin B9.
2. Supplements: administration of folate, iron sulfate.
3. Treatment of underlying cause: antimalarial, deworming, ulcer treatment
21 Pages
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Valvular heart disease
Outline
1. Review the role of valves in cardiac cycle
2. Define valvular heart disease
3. Identify types of VHD
4. Explain the assessment and diagnostic tests
5. Describe the management of patient with VHD
46 Pages
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Uploaded: 2025-05-22