1 Introduction of the Unit of Learning This unit specifies the competencies required to design engineering structures. This involves load estimation, designing structural elements, assessing of cost effectiveness of edesigns, analysing site test data and modifying structural designs.

This unit specifies the competencies required to Conduct Material Testing. It involves preparing for material testing, sampling construction materials, and performing tests on alignment soils, concrete, structural steel, bitumen materials and timber. It also includes documenting test results.

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The knowledge of materials and their properties is of great significance for a design engineer. The machine elements should be made of such a material which has properties suitable for the conditions of operation. In addition to this, a design engineer must be familiar with the effects which the manufacturing processes and heat treatment have on the properties of the materials. In this chapter, we shall discuss the commonly used engineering materials and their properties in Machine Design.

The document provides an overview of fabric design and decoration techniques, highlighting various methods such as painting, batik, tie and dye, block printing, and screen printing. It discusses the functions of decorated fabrics, including aesthetic, cultural, social, ritual, religious, political, and economic purposes. Additionally, it outlines the materials and tools required for each technique, emphasizing the importance of design planning and execution in fabric decoration.

The document discusses the evolution of built environments from prehistoric times to modern dwellings. It begins by defining built environment and exploring early dwellings like cave homes and temporary structures made of leaves, branches, and stones. As humans transitioned to agriculture, permanent settlements emerged with round houses made of mud bricks and plaster. The document then outlines traditional dwellings from regions in Africa and other parts of the world. Finally, it describes modern dwellings like bungalows, mansions, and apartment buildings that make use of sophisticated materials and straight walls.

Computer Application in Business