Immune modulators are used to modify the actions of the immune system. Using the complement components, phagocytic cells, and natural killer (NK) cells, the innate immune system initiates the defense against pathogens and antigenic insult.

Infertility is defined as the inability of a couple to conceive following 12-24 months of regular unprotected coitus. Sterility is the inability to produce offspring, for example the inability to conceive (female sterility) or to induce conception (male sterility). Primary infertility refers to patients who have never conceived. secondary infertility denotes those that have had previous pregnancies regardless of outcome but have failed to conceive subsequently. Eighty percent of couples can achieve conception within one year of frequent unprotected intercourse while ninety percent do so within the second year. Therefore, 10 percent remain infertile by the end of the second year.

The word nursing is defined from a Greek word nutricia which means to nurture or nourish. Virginia Henderson in 1966 defined Nursing as an art of assisting an individual sick or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to health or its recovery (or to peaceful death) that he/she would perform unaided if he/she had the necessary strength, will and knowledge. Nursing may also be described as use of clinical judgment in the provision of care to enable people to improve, maintain or recover health, to cope with health problems, and to achieve the best possible quality of life, whatever their disease or disability, until death (Royal college of Nursing, 2003). EVOLUTION OF NURSING. To understand the current status of nursing it is necessary to have a base of the historical knowledge about the profession. By learning from historical role models, nurses can enhance their abilities to create positive change in the present and the future. They can also appreciate the advancements of the profession. The historical background of nursing may be divided into four main phases.

ETHICS IS A BRANCH of philosophy concerned with determining right and wrong in relation to people’s decisions and actions. How do we distinguish a right action from a wrong one and who determines what is right and wrong?

To assess maternal and fetal wellbeing throughout the first stage of labour. To facilitate the progress of labour. To identify factors that may influence the ongoing management of the woman and her infant

Jaundice is the yellow color of the skin and sclerae caused by deposits of bilirubin

Nursing process, as a problem solving method, is a discipline specific version of critical thinking. Traditionally, nurses have used a problem solving approach in planning and providing nursing care. Today the decision-making part of problem solving has become increasingly complex and requires critical thinking. Nursing process is a systematic rational method of planning and providing individualized quality nursing care to an Individual, Family and Community. It provides a systematic guide or method to assist nurses and students to develop a style of thinking that leads to appropriate clinical judgment.

Each discipline has a unique focus for knowledge development that directs its inquiry and distinguishes it from other fields of study. Nursing knowledge is the inclusive total of the philosophies, theories, research, and practice wisdom of the discipline. As a professional discipline this knowledge is important for guiding practice. Theory-guided, evidence-based practice is the hallmark of any professional discipline.

Preconception care is defined as a set of interventions aimed at identifying and modifying the risk factors, whenever possible (demographic and medical variables), directly or indirectly related to factors causing malformations or a poor perinatal outcome. • Preconception nutrition refers to dietary and lifestyle practices that individuals should adopt before pregnancy to optimize reproductive health and overall well-being.

Formation of the female gamete cell known as ovum • Occurs within the ovarian cortex • Developing ovum is supported by follicular cells • A mature follicle is known as Graafian • Begins before the female fetus is born(prenatally) • Cell division is arrested at prophase 1 stage and fertilization is a requirement for the completion of the 2 nd meiotic cell division • Process is completed in the menstrual cycles after puberty