A knowledge-based agent in Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a system that uses a structured knowledge base to make decisions, solve problems, and interact with its environment intelligently. It consists of a knowledge base, which stores facts and rules, and an inference engine that applies logical reasoning to derive conclusions. These agents can learn from past experiences, update their knowledge, and make informed decisions. They are widely used in expert systems, medical diagnosis, robotics, and automated decision-making. By combining symbolic reasoning with machine learning, knowledge-based agents enhance AI's ability to handle complex tasks requiring logic, inference, and domain expertise.

Knowledge representation in Artificial Intelligence (AI) refers to the methods used to encode information about the world in a format that a computer can process and reason with. It enables AI systems to store, retrieve, and manipulate knowledge to make informed decisions. Common techniques include semantic networks, frames, production rules, and ontologies, each suited for different problem domains. Effective knowledge representation allows AI to perform reasoning, understand natural language, and interact intelligently with humans. It is fundamental to expert systems, natural language processing, and automated decision-making, making AI systems more efficient and capable of solving complex problems.

Techniques of knowledge representation in Artificial Intelligence (AI) define how information is structured and processed for reasoning and decision-making. The main techniques include logical representation, which uses formal logic to express facts and rules; semantic networks, which represent knowledge as interconnected nodes and relationships; frames, which organize knowledge into structured templates with attributes and values; and production rules, which use "if-then" statements for decision-making. Ontologies provide a hierarchical structure of concepts and their relationships, enabling AI to understand context. These techniques help AI systems efficiently store, retrieve, and apply knowledge, making them crucial for expert systems, natural language processing, and intelligent decision-making.

Propositional Logic in Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a formal system used to represent and reason about facts and relationships in a structured and unambiguous way. It consists of propositions, which are statements that can be either true or false, and logical connectives such as AND, OR, NOT, IMPLICATION, and BICONDITIONAL. In AI, propositional logic is used for knowledge representation, automated reasoning, and decision-making. It enables inference through rules of deduction, such as Modus Ponens and Resolution, allowing AI systems to derive new knowledge from existing facts. However, while propositional logic is useful for simple reasoning tasks, it lacks expressiveness for handling complex domains involving variables, quantifiers, or uncertainty, which are addressed by more advanced logical systems like First-Order Logic and Probabilistic Logic.

First-Order Logic (FOL) in Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a formal system used to represent and reason about knowledge. It extends propositional logic variables, predicates, and functions, allowing for more expressive statements about objects and their relationships. FOL enables AI systems to model complex real world scenarios, perform automated reasoning, and derive conclusions based on logical inference. It is widely used in knowledge representation, expert systems, and natural language processing, making it a foundational tool for building intelligent agents.

Rules of Inference in Artificial Intelligence (AI) are logical principles that enable the derivation of new truths from existing knowledge, ensuring sound reasoning in automated systems. They help AI systems in theorem proving, automated reasoning, and decision-making by systematically deriving conclusions from a given set of premises. Effective use of these inference rules enhances the ability of AI to reason, solve problems, and make logical decisions in knowledge-based systems.

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