A review of data structures involves examining various ways to organize, store, and manage data efficiently for different computational tasks. It covers fundamental structures like arrays, linked lists, stacks, and queues, as well as more complex ones like trees, graphs, and hash tables. Each data structure has unique characteristics, advantages, and use cases, influencing factors such as time complexity, memory usage, and ease of implementation. The review typically includes analyzing operations like insertion, deletion, searching, and sorting, as well as their efficiency in different scenarios. Understanding data structures is crucial for optimizing algorithms and improving software performance.

Introduction to Artificial Intelligence (AI) explores the development of computer systems that can perform tasks requiring human-like intelligence, such as problem-solving, learning, reasoning, and decision-making. AI encompasses various subfields, including machine learning, natural language processing, computer vision, and robotics. It relies on algorithms and models that enable computers to analyze data, recognize patterns, and make predictions or decisions with minimal human intervention. AI is widely used in industries such as healthcare, finance, and automation, transforming how technology interacts with the world. Understanding AI principles is essential for leveraging its potential and addressing ethical and societal challenges.