Shells are command-line interfaces that allow users to interact with the operating system by typing commands. These commands can range from simple file manipulation to complex program execution. Scripting, on the other hand, involves writing a series of commands in a script file to automate tasks, streamline workflows, or execute repetitive actions. Shell scripting uses specialized languages such as Bash or PowerShell, enabling users to automate processes, manage system operations, and interact with programs efficiently. Understanding shells and scripting is essential for system administration, software development, and automating various computing tasks.