Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is the third leading cause of death worldwide, causing 3.23 million deaths in 2019 .Over 80% of these deaths occurred in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC).COPD causes persistent and progressive respiratory symptoms, including difficulty in breathing, cough and/or phlegm production. COPD results from long-term exposure to harmful gases and particles combined with individual factors, including events which influence lung growth in childhood and genetics. Environmental exposure to tobacco smoke, indoor air pollution, and occupational dusts, fumes, and chemicals are important risk factors for COPD. Early diagnosis and treatment, including smoking cessation support, is needed to slow the progression of symptoms and reduce flare ups.(WHO,2019)

Acute Pharyngitis is an inflammation or infection in the throat usually characterized by sore throat

Hypertensive disorders complicating pregnancy are common and are among the three (with hemorrhage and infection) leading causes of death. Pregnancy can induce hypertension (HTN) or aggravate pre-existing hypertension.

Hematologic system consists of ; blood and sites where blood is produced, (bone marrow and the reticuloendothelial system (RES). • Blood is composed of plasma and various types of cells. • Plasma is the fluid portion of blood; it contains various proteins, such as albumin, globulin, fibrinogen, and other factors necessary for clotting, as well as electrolytes, waste products, and nutrients. • About 55% of blood volume is plasma.

Anatomy and physiology • There are 206 bones in the human body, divided into four categories: • Long bones (eg, femur) • Short bones (eg, metacarpals) • Flat bones (eg, sternum) • Irregular bones (eg, vertebrae) • The shape and construction of a specific bone are determined by its function and the forces exerted on it

It is an abnormally increased concentration of haemoglobin in the blood, either through reduction of plasma volume or increase in red cell numbers. People with polycythemia have an increase in hematocrit, hemoglobin or red blood cell count above the normal limits.

In fracture management, the objectives of the treatment are as follows: • To regain and maintain the normal alignment of the injured part. • To regain normal function of the injured part. • To achieve the above objectives for the patient in the shortest time possible.

Blood transfusion is the transfusion of whole blood or its components such as blood cells or plasma from one person to another person. Blood transfusion involves two procedures; • Collection of blood from a donor • Administration of blood to the recipient.

Consists of two divisions: • The central nervous system (CNS), including the brain and spinal cord, and • The peripheral nervous system, made up of the cranial and spinal nerves. • The peripheral nervous system can be further divided into • The somatic, or voluntary, nervous system, and • The autonomic, or involuntary, nervous system.

The heart’s primary function is to pump blood to all parts of the body. The circulating blood not only brings oxygen and nutrients to the body’s tissues but also helps to take away the body’s waste products. Its essential to understand the structure and function of the heart in health and in disease in order to understand the assessment skills.