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PHP 308: PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF HEALTH PROMOTION 1
| Institution | TVET |
| Course | DIPLOMA IN COMMUNITY... |
| Year | 1st Year |
| Semester | Unknown |
| Posted By | stephen oyake rabilo |
| File Type | |
| Pages | 77 Pages |
| File Size | 2.22 MB |
| Views | 2897 |
| Downloads | 1 |
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Description
UNIT 1.0 CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES OF HEALTH PROMOTION
1.1 Introduction
In this section, we shall examine the concept and principles of health promotion to serve as a foundation to what follows in the course. Principally, we shall review the historical background of
health promotion, define terms related to health promotion and discuss the aims and core values of health promotion.
1.2 Objectives of the Unit
At the end of this topic, you should be able to:
a) Define terms related to health promotion
b) State the Aims and core values of Health promotion
c) Discuss the historical background of health promotion
1.3 Introduction to Health Promotion
The term health promotion (HP) refers to a broad social and political process that includes both actions intended to improve people's abilities and skills and actions intended to alter social,
environmental, and economic conditions in order to lessen their negative effects on both public and individual health. The purpose of HP practice is to create and sustain environments that enable individuals to make healthy decisions and promote social contexts that support healthy behaviors.
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Reactions of Alkyl halides
In this type of reaction, a nucleophile reacts with haloalkane (the substrate) having a
partial positive charge on the carbon atom bonded to halogen. A substitution reaction takes place and halogen atom, called leaving group departs as halide ion. Since the substitution reaction is initiated by a nucleophile, it is called nucleophilic substitution reaction
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Substitution and Elimination Electron Flow Pathway
Path Limitations
There are three requirements for the S N 2 reaction.
In order to be pushed out, the leaving group must be at least fair, usually good. The nucleophile also must be reactive enough to push out the leaving group.
Finally, the back side of the tetrahedral carbon attacked must be
accessible to the nucleophile and not blocked by other groups.
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The SN2 reaction
The hydroxide ion is a good nucleophile since the oxygen atom has a negative charge and a pair of unshared electrons.
The carbon atom is electrophilic since it is bound to a (more electronegative)
halogen, which pulls electron density away from the carbon, thus polarizing the
bond with carbon bearing partial positive charge and the halogen bearing partial negative charge.
The nucleophile is attracted to the electrophile by electrostatic charges.
The nucleophile attacks the electrophilic carbon through donation of 2 electrons. Carbon can only have a maximum of 8 valence electrons, so as the carbon nucleophile bond is forming, then the carbon-leaving group bond must be breaking. Iodide is the leaving group since it leaves with the pair of electrons that once bound it to carbon.
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