SOCIOLOGY OF EDUCATION QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

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Course DIPLOMA IN SOCIAL WO...
Year 1st Year
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SOCIOLOGY OF EDUCATION 1.Define the following sociological terms (8mks) a)Social institutions Specialized structures established to ensure that the psychological physiological and security needs of its members are well catered for. b)Sociology of education This is a branch of sociology that studies the social side of education. It attempts to systematically study the sociological problems (those originating from the society), patterns and process that are found/associated with the education practice. c)Values Refer to intangible qualities or beliefs accepted and endorsed by a given society They include justice, freedom, respect, community, and responsibility d)Socialization Socialization can also be seen as the process of building of group values into the individual or the process through which the individual is cultured. Socialization is the way culture is transmitted and the individual is fitted in into an organized way of life.
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Reactions of Alkyl halides
In this type of reaction, a nucleophile reacts with haloalkane (the substrate) having a partial positive charge on the carbon atom bonded to halogen. A substitution reaction takes place and halogen atom, called leaving group departs as halide ion. Since the substitution reaction is initiated by a nucleophile, it is called nucleophilic substitution reaction
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Substitution and Elimination Electron Flow Pathway
Path Limitations There are three requirements for the S N 2 reaction. In order to be pushed out, the leaving group must be at least fair, usually good. The nucleophile also must be reactive enough to push out the leaving group. Finally, the back side of the tetrahedral carbon attacked must be accessible to the nucleophile and not blocked by other groups.
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The SN2 reaction
The hydroxide ion is a good nucleophile since the oxygen atom has a negative charge and a pair of unshared electrons. The carbon atom is electrophilic since it is bound to a (more electronegative) halogen, which pulls electron density away from the carbon, thus polarizing the bond with carbon bearing partial positive charge and the halogen bearing partial negative charge. The nucleophile is attracted to the electrophile by electrostatic charges. The nucleophile attacks the electrophilic carbon through donation of 2 electrons. Carbon can only have a maximum of 8 valence electrons, so as the carbon nucleophile bond is forming, then the carbon-leaving group bond must be breaking. Iodide is the leaving group since it leaves with the pair of electrons that once bound it to carbon.
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