Learning objectives At the end of the chapter, the student is expected to: 1. Major groups of pathogenic bacteria 2. Mechanism by which antibodies inhibit the growth of bacteria 3. Mode of action of virus infection and the body’s response 4. Spectrum of infections caused by fungi and common parasitic infestations and how they are acquired

Grab full notes on HUMAN PATHOLOGY. Introduction to Pathology Learning Objectives Upon completing this chapter students should be able to: 1. Define pathology 2. Discuss the core aspects of disease in pathology 3. Know the diagnostic techniques used in pathology 4. Know the various categories of the causes of diseases 5. Know the course, outcome, consequences of diseases The core aspects of diseases in pathology Pathology is the study of disease by scientific methods. The word pathology came from the Latin words “patho” & “logy”. ‘Patho’ means disease and ‘logy’ means study, therefore pathology is a scientific study of disease. Diseases may, in turn, be defined as an abnormal variation in structure or function of any part of the body. Pathology gives explanations of a disease by studying the following four aspects of the disease.

Learning objectives: At the end of this chapter, students are expected to: 1. Differentiate neoplastic lesions from non-neoplastic ones. 2. Contrast benign from malignant tumors. 3. Describe methods and mechanisms of metastasis. 4. List the etiologic factors in carcinogenesis. 5. Understand clinical effects of neoplasms 6. Know the diagnostic modalities for cancers

Learning objectives Upon completion of this chapter, students should be able to: 1. Explain how fluid balance is maintained across the arteriolar & venular end of the vasculature by Starling forces 2. Know the pathologic conditions occurring when the balance between the above forces is disrupted across the vascular wall under different conditions, i.e., edema 3. Understand and explain the cause and pathogenesis of clinical conditions like myocardial infarction, deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary thromboembolism, etc.…. 4. Know the pathogenesis of edema of congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, cirrhosis, and other clinical conditions 5. Have the basic knowledge about various types of shock, their pathogenesis, manifestations, and complications

Objectives When you have completed this chapter, you should be able to: 1. Define a congenital disorder. 2. Understand the birth prevalence and population prevalence of congenital disorders. 3. List the causes of congenital disorders. 4. Understand chromosomal inheritance. 5. Understand the inheritance of single genes. 6. Define a multifactorial congenital disorder. 7. Define a teratogen and know their dangers. 8. List different types of structural congenital disorders

ALS Advance Life Support, amyotrophic lateralsclerosis ALT alanine amino-transaminase, Argon lasertrabeculoplasty A.M before noon A-Mask aerosol mask AM against medical advice, American Medical Association amb ambulatory amb care ambulatory care AMI acute myocardial infarction Amino amniocentesis AML acute myelogenous leukemia amp ampule amt amount ANA antinuclear antibody ANC Absolute neutrophil count AND anterior nasal drainage ANE Anesthesiology anes Anesthesia ank. ankle ANLL acute non-lymphocytic leukemia ant anterior ante before Ant Seg anterior segment