Malpositions & Malpresentations of the fetus present the midwife with a challenge of recognition and diagnosis both in the antenatal period and during labor. It is therefore imperative for the learner midwives to have a thorough understanding of the various fetal malpositions as well as malpresentations.

Theatre nursing has developed alongside the history of surgery. • Surgery is an old form of treatment that can be traced back through the history of man. • In the past, there were no theatres, no trained personnel, no anaesthesia and no equipment. • Operations were performed at home. • Problems during this time included infection, bleeding and pain.

•It’s a pregnancy induced condition characterized by excess amount of liquor amnii (amniotic fluid) to more than 1500ml, based on ultrasound scanning. NB Clinical diagnosis is only possible where the amount is at least 3000 ml.

Multiple pregnancy refers to the development of more than one(1)fetus in the uterus at a specific duration. Classification of Multiple Pregnancy It’s based on the number of fetuses and type of placentation (placental formation). The primary classification are based on; 1. Number of fetuses 2. Zygosity 3. Chorionicity and Amnionicity 4. Vanishing Twin Syndrome

Induction of labor is an obstetrical intervention which involves the initiation of uterine contractions (labour) artificially or prior it’s spontaneous onset. • It’s done after viability at gestation ages of 28 weeks and above. • Commonly performed when the risks of continuing the pregnancy are perceived to outweigh the risk of shortening the duration of pregnancy.

Definition; Also referred to as dysfunctional labor or dystocia, is labor that does not progress in atypical or expected manner.

Forceps delivery is a means of extracting the foetus with the aid of obstetric forceps when it is inadvisable or impossible for the mother to complete the delivery by her own effort. • This procedure is performed by a forceps; an instrument that has two parts that cross each other like scissors and lock at the intersection. • The lock may be of sliding type or of screw type. • Each part consists of a handle, a lock, a shank and a blade. • The blade is joined to the handle by a shank. • The blade has two curves, cephalic curve to fit the head, and pelvic curve that correspond with the curved axis of the pelvis.

This document contains detailed notes on dosage forms,the second lesson in level 2 pharmacology.

This document entails drug absorption. Includes the introduction,the mechanisms of drug absorption,and the factors affecting oral absorption.

Principles of pharmacokinetics entails drug bioavailability, apparent volume of distribution, half life, drug clearance, kinetics of metabolism, steady state and drug doses

Operations Research is a scientific methodology which is applied to the study of the operations of organizations (mostly large and complex) or activities to assess the overall implications of various alternative courses of action to provide an improved basis for management decisions.

It entails the introduction to pharmacology.

Departmentation is a means of dividing the large functional organisation into smaller, flexible administrative units. It makes grouping of activities into units and sub-units created through departmentation which are known as department, division, section, branch etc. The process of departmentation takes place at all levels in the organisation.

Drug biotransformation - composed of activity of metabolic products, categories of metabolic reactions, sites of biotransformation etc.

Drug transport and distribution.

Mechanism of drug action

G-proteins and second messengers.

Drug interactions.

Adverse reactions

Semantics and pragmatics overlap in their scope as they both deal with the meaning of linguistic expressions. Before defining the terms, it is worth examining historical issues. Charles Morris (1903-1979) studied the science of signs (semiotics) and distinguished three branches of this field