The researcher conducted the study to develop an integrated taxi management information system model for Kisii taxi owners and drivers association (KATODA) The main objective of this research was to design a model of an integrated taxi management information system model for Kisii taxi owners and drivers association. To fulfill that objective, the researcher carried out requirements gathering and analysis to obtain the functional and nonfunctional requirements for the system. An interview method was used with the help of interview guides to gather data from the respondents and content analysis was used to analyze the qualitative data and requirements needed for the designing of the model where noted. The researcher designed the model using UML modeling tool (Microsoft Visio) and MySQL an open source Relational Database Management System. The integrated management information system model shows how the operators in the Kisii taxi owners and drivers association register taxis and taxi drivers for each vehicle. The operators also manage income and expenditure within the association.

The Traffic Check Out Information Management System is designed to address the challenges faced by law enforcement agencies in managing traffic violations effectively. Traditional methods of handling traffic offenses are characterized by manual processes, paper-based records, and inefficient data management, resulting in errors, delays, and lack of transparency. These limitations hinder timely resolution of violations and reduce overall compliance with traffic regulations. The primary objective of this study is to develop an integrated digital platform that automates traffic violation management, from recording offenses to processing fines and generating reports, ensuring a seamless and accurate system. The proposed system includes three main modules: Admin, Traffic Police, and User (Offender). The Admin module enables management of police stations, traffic police personnel, and a comprehensive overview of challan reports and statuses. The Traffic Police module allows officers to file new challans, track pending violations, and generate individual reports. The *User (Offender) module provides offenders the ability to view their violation history, pay fines, and access real-time updates on challan status. This integration ensures each role has access to functionalities tailored to their needs, promoting efficient coordination and data accuracy. The methodology involves system development through PHP and MySQL for the backend, utilizing HTML, CSS, and JavaScript for the frontend. System analysis and design techniques were employed to ensure that user requirements are met, followed by coding, testing, and validation of the system. The data for this research was collected through interviews and observations of current traffic management practices to identify gaps and areas for improvement. The findings indicate that the implementation of the Traffic Check Out Information Management System significantly reduces manual workload, accelerates fine processing times, and enhances transparency between law enforcement and offenders. It also improves data accuracy by eliminating redundancy and errors inherent in manual systems. In conclusion, the system offers a comprehensive and efficient solution for managing traffic violations, with features like real-time tracking, automated reporting, and user-friendly interfaces that cater to various stakeholders. Its scalability and adaptability make it an ideal tool for modernizing traffic management systems in diverse environments, contributing to improved road safety and regulatory compliance.

The is a well-known fact that, a good Company performing a certain service in a way that satisfies its customer’s needs, a customer who believes the company truly cares about their wellbeing is likely to be more loyal to that company. A company with high services quality always responds to customer communication as soon as possible which can often indicate the value a company place on customer satisfaction In that light we would like to acknowledge the effort our companies put in training the households unity and to put effort in being the ones that solves their problems according to what they need. And with that belief in my hearts that I looked at certain challenges and problems I can find solutions for in my society I found that there is a problem of the payment of the money in domestic waste collection, household are required to pay for services, and the private sector are required to collect the waste from the household house. Private sector collects the money in hand(cash). And the resident has no way to ask for emergency service from the company. It is why I thought of building a system that would solve the two problems at once, it would help the resident, to pay the money they are required and also help the administrative of waste collection companies to pass announcements to the citizens via SMS on their mobile phones, and would be efficient because by statistics like 73% population in Rwandans have a mobile phone so there would be no miscommunication any more. And if the system is used, I would encourage the companies in charges of cleaning to use it because not only will it help in building and making the society a good living place, but also in unifying the society as it is known that the key to unity is good communication And I would also like to assure that I will try to make the system user friendly and that it will be used without any complications, with the help of the knowledge I have acquired.

Waste Pickup management is an essential service in urban environments, where efficient and effective handling of waste directly contributes to public health and environmental sustainability. This project presents the design and development of a Waste Pickup Information Management System for COCCEN Ltd, a waste management company in Kenya. The system is developed to streamline waste collection processes, improve communication between clients and service providers, and ensure better resource allocation through a digital platform. The system is designed as a web-based application using the Waterfall development model and incorporates three distinct user roles: Admin, Client, and Driver. The Admin role manages the overall system, including user registration and Scheduring tasks to drivers. The Client role allows customers to request waste collection services, and track their requests. The Driver role provides drivers with real-time information on collection requests and enables them to update the system after each service. Technologies used for the system include PHP for the backend, and HTML, CSS, and JavaScipt for the frontend, ensuring responsiveness and user-friendly interaction across devices. The system is expected to enhance operational efficiency, reduce errors, and promote better client satisfaction through streamlined information management and service delivery. The project emphasizes the need for digital solutions in waste management, providing COCCEN Ltd with a scalable system that can adapt to future growth and further technological integration.

' is built and put into use to track drivers' blood alcohol content in real time, with the goal of improving road safety and preventing drunk driving in Kenya’s public transportation system. This system, which was created especially for the particular requirements of Kenya’s public transportation vehicles, combines sensors technology with clever control mechanisms to identify the presence of alcohol in a driver's breath. When the system detects alcohol concentrations above a set threshold, it sets off a sequence of safety measures, which may include warning the driver and maybe turning off the ignition to keep the car from running. The heart of the device is a highly sensitive alcohol sensor that is positioned carefully to guarantee reliable and consistent readings, especially when using public transportation. The system analyzes the sensor data in conjunction with a microcontroller unit to make judgments instantly depending on the amount of alcohol detected. The implementation makes sure that drivers are notified of their status in a clear and timely manner by including user-friendly interfaces for alarm notifications and system feedback. The danger of alcohol-related accidents within Kenya’s public transportation system can be greatly decreased by using this alcohol detection system, which will help make the country's roads safer and potentially save lives. Because of its design, which places a high priority on dependability, usability, and quick reaction, the system is a workable option for actual usage in the nation's transportation sector. In addition, the incorporation of this system into public transportation vehicles is a proactive measure to encourage safe driving practices and improve public safety throughout Kenya.

The aim of this project is to design an electronic siren circuit which can be used as a warning and alerting in emergency situations in order to make the lives of humans This circuit can be used in civil defense sirens to give warning at the time of natural disasters. This can be used in emergency signals such as search and rescue operations. It can be used as an intruder alarm.

The World living situation and condition is getting critical especially in Africa as is with all developing countries due to: time shortage, Cleanness, size and accuracy. It is our task as engineers to make machines that will help people to adapt in current time with minimum negative effects. For the sake of people’s time management and human power saving in cleaning, We thought about an automatic dustbin vacuum cleaner (ADVC). The machine(ADVC) is a combination of two general systems which are Automatic dustbin system and vacuum cleaner system. Automatic dustbin is an improved normal dustbin to automate the lid with the help of : servo motor, which drive the lit at 90 degree and release it after; Arduino uno R3, to receive signal and command servo as it have been programmed by arduino IDE; ultrasonic sensor, is there to detect signal the hand approach to calculated and programmed limit and directly send signal to arduino uno R3 . Vacuum cleaner system is mainly made up of: Carbon brush DC-motor,RS445PA14233R, to rotate fan when supplied by 230v ac/dc; fan will play role of rotating to create vacuum region in the system; filter will prevent effective waste to reach the fan. The machine will open automatically if a hand is approached to cast the wastes and the cleaner will be able to remove waste particles by pointing the nozzle and press switch. This project is practical based on different theories and I recommend the lecture to teach with case studies such as the system of this machine(ADVC) and these important machines should be helped to be made on our land so as to limit decay of our economy in importation.

The proposed work in this project aims on the design and implementation model of electrical energy theft detection. A high percentage of electricity income is lost due to power theft and improper management. However, a bulk of these losses are caused by electricity theft. The illegal usage of electricity must be solved by electronic means, without any human interaction. The purpose of this work is to provide an implementation methodology for electricity theft detection and controlling which allows violators to be detected at a remote location. This design integrates effective solutions for problems faced by electricity distribution system such as power theft and transmission line fault. It includes microcontroller based embedded technology and wireless communication method to find out the electric theft and transmission line fault. Moreover, collecting the meter readings for billing processes from all consumers is a difficult and time-consuming task which requires a great number of labors. In the proposed method global System for Mobile communication (GSM)based technology is used to transmit the meter reading and detection alert automatically to the authorized energy provider via an alert message which eliminates the various issues related to the meter reading and theft detection.

This project report covers the design and implementation of a single-output inverter. It converts a single 12V DC input to a 70V AC output at 7watts using Arduino-controlled MOSFETs. This setup is cost- efficient because one inverter can supply different loads, saving money and space, especially in renewable energy systems. The goal is to develop an inverter that provides multiple AC outputs from one DC source for various uses, including renewable energy and portable power supplies. The core of the system is an Arduino microcontroller. It generates precise pulse-width modulation (PWM) signals to control the MOSFET switches, ensuring efficient conversion and stable output. The design process involves choosing the right MOSFETs and developing protective circuits to prevent overvoltage, under voltage, and short-circuits. Experimental results show that the inverter can produce a stable 70V AC output with low harmonic distortion, maintaining performance under different load conditions. The system's efficiency, output quality, and response to changing loads are thoroughly analyzed. This project demonstrates the effective combination of Arduino control with power electronics, providing a high-performance solution for converting DC to AC power.

This project presents the design and implementation of a smart automatic food dispenser in a farm, tailored for agricultural environments, aimed at improving livestock feeding processes. The proposed methodology consists of an IoT system and automation technologies to deliver precise and timely portions of food to animals, based on their specific dietary needs and feeding schedules. The distributor is designed to monitor and analyze animal behavior and consumption patterns, thus adjusting food distribution to promote optimal health and growth. The Blynk IoT application allows farmers to remotely manage and customize feeding protocols, ensuring flexibility and control. The part of coding use Arduino IDE that make IoT system operational. This smart system minimizes human labor, reduces food waste, and ensures consistent and balanced nutrition for livestock. Field tests have demonstrated its effectiveness in improving animal well-being and farm productivity. The implementation of this innovative solution promises significant advancements in efficiency, sustainability, and the overall management of farm feeding practices.

This project focuses on the design and implementation of smart door locking system to enhance security and user convenience. The system eliminates the need for traditional keys by using biometric authentication, specifically fingerprints, to grant access. The research includes the development of the lock system, user testing, and evaluation of both technical and usability performance. Data were collected through questionnaires, interviews, and system logs to assess user satisfaction, ease of use, and security perceptions. The system’s technical performance was measured through key metrics such as the False Rejection Rate (FRR) and False Acceptance Rate (FAR). Results showed that 87% of users found the system easy to use, 95% felt it provided improved security, and the system exhibited a low FRR of 2% and FAR of 0.5%. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of the fingerprint-based door lock system in offering secure, reliable, and user-friendly access control.

“Smart Home Appliances Control System” is an (IoT)-based project which will be designed and implemented to provide individuals with physical disability the ability to control household appliances using their smartphones. The project utilizes nodemcu as the microcontroller and blynk platform for IoT integration. The smart home appliance control system will enable remote control, automation, and real-time monitoring of appliances such as lights, TVs, fans, air conditioning, etc. The successful implementation of this system will contribute to improving the quality of life for individuals with physical disabilities and promote inclusivity in smart home technology.

The agricultural sector in Kisii Central District, Kisii , faces significant post-harvest losses, especially in maize storage, due to inadequate monitoring and management of essential storage conditions. During my research, I visited a store called Rumbuka Seeds in Kisii Central District, which uses a system that fills maize into slots and monitors only humidity and temperature. This limited approach highlights a gap in comprehensive monitoring, as other crucial parameters like CO2 levels are not tracked. To address these challenges, this project aims to develop and implement a smart maize crop storage monitoring system using the Thing speak cloud platform. The system will utilize NodeMCU, DHT11 sensors, and smoke gas detectors to monitor key storage parameters, including temperature, humidity, and CO2 levels. Integrating the Thing Speak platform allows the system to monitor and manage these parameters in real time effectively. NodeMCU, a microcontroller with Wi-Fi capabilities, acts as the core unit, collecting sensor data and transmitting it to the Thingspeak cloud server. This data is then processed and stored, enabling farmers to access real-time and historical trends through a user-friendly mobile interface. This interface, provided by the Thingspeak application, allows farmers to view data, analyze trends, and receive alerts, facilitating timely interventions without needing to be physically present at the storage site. By continuously monitoring storage conditions and providing actionable insights, the smart maize storage system aims to reduce spoilage and post-harvest losses, promote sustainable storage practices, and enhance productivity and profitability for maize farmers in Kisii Central District. The alert system within the Thingspeak platform ensures that farmers are promptly informed of adverse conditions, enabling swift corrective actions. This innovative approach leverages IoT technology and the Thingspeak cloud to provide a more efficient and reliable maize storage solution, addressing a critical need in the region's agricultural sector.

As the demand of energy is increasing day by day, so the ultimate solution to deal with these sorts of problems is just to implement the renewable sources of energy Humans are using the renewable energy which are solar, wind etc. but we still could not satisfy our power needs, because of that we have to generate electricity through each and every possible ways. The objective of this work is to produce power through footsteps as a source of renewable energy that we can obtained while walking or standing on to the certain arrangements like footpaths, stairs, plate forms and these systems can be install specially in the more populated areas. In this project the force energy is produced by human foot step and force energy is converted into mechanical energy by the rack and pinion mechanism. Electricity is produced by DC generator. We are supposed to study existing methods of foot step power generation that are rack and pinion arrangement and piezoelectric crystals and supposed to modify the existing system.

An original way to automate plant disease control and irrigation is the Automatic Plant Moisture Monitoring System. This system monitors and controls the moisture content of the soil using an LCD display, relays, moisture sensors, and an Arduino microcontroller. A water pump is activated to irrigate the plants automatically when the water content falls below a certain threshold, which is monitored by moisture sensors placed in the soil. There is less chance of overwatering or under-watering because to this real-time response that makes sure the plants get the right amount of water. By streamlining irrigation management, the technology relieves users of the requirement for ongoing manual monitoring. The system has a second pump that is especially made to guard against fungal infections in addition to irrigation. The purpose of this pump is to spray the plants with an antifungal solution on a periodical basis. This characteristic keeps the plants healthy and disease-free by preventing fungal infections, which are common in humid areas. Without continual human intervention, the monthly spraying helps to maintain a preventive approach to plant health. Users can track the moisture content of the soil in real time by viewing the data from the moisture sensors on an LCD screen. Users may remain informed about plant conditions and system operation thanks to this easy-to-read display. This technology offers farmers and gardeners an effective, user-friendly way to prevent fungal diseases and automate irrigation. It is a useful tool for contemporary agricultural methods because it conserves time, water, and fosters stronger plants.

The growing needs of man and the increasing population of earth causes the scarcity of water. This greatly affects the plants, and the requirement water management is high. Water use has been growing globally at more than twice the rate of population increases in the last century, and an increasing number of regions are reaching the limit at which water services can be sustainably delivered, especially in arid regions. In the present scenario the conventional methods of watering, like flood mode and sprinkler, is not that much effective and is responsible for water wastage. Improper watering systems create breeding areas for disease spreading organisms. Hence, the way watering pants must be smart, and this is achieved by watering plants depending on the necessity of plants and the moisture level of water. This project deals with an automated plant watering system that senses the moisture content of the soil thus determining the necessity of pumping water with the collected data. Also determines the minimum amount of water required to maintain the balance between the soil defensible water and environment parameters.

The project entitled “Design and Implementation of an Energy-Efficient System for Disabled Individuals’ Homes” aims to develop a comprehensive solution that improves energy efficiency and accessibility of residential environments for people with disabilities. The system integrates smart home technologies with assistive devices, a CD4017 microcontroller, automated controls, and energy management algorithms to optimize energy consumption while maintaining home comfort and safety for the user. Key features include adaptive lighting, temperature control, and automated device management, all tailored to residents’ specific needs and preferences. The implementation involves both hardware and software components, ensuring seamless interaction between the user and the system through intuitive interfaces. The result is expected to demonstrate significant energy savings, improved quality of life for people with disabilities, and a scalable model for wider application.

The "Design and Implementation of an Automatic Railway Gate Control System" focuses on developing a safety system for managing railway level crossings to prevent accidents between cars and trains. In many regions, unguarded railway crossings pose a significant risk, leading to accidents when vehicles attempt to cross the tracks as a train approaches. This study addresses this challenge by designing a prototype system using Arduino Uno, servo motors, obstacle sensors, LCD screens, and a buzzer to automatically control the gates at railway crossings. The primary objective of this project is to enhance safety by automatically closing the gate when a train is detected, ensuring that vehicles are kept off the tracks during the train's passage. Two obstacle sensors are employed to detect trains approaching from the north and south, triggering the closure of the gates through servo motors. LCD screens display train detection information, and a buzzer sounds an alert when the train is nearby. This prototype serves as a demonstration of how such technology can be implemented to improve safety at real-world railway crossings. The significance of the study lies in its potential to reduce the number of accidents and fatalities at railway crossings, particularly in areas where manual gate control is impractical or unavailable. By automating the process, the system ensures timely gate closures, minimizing human error and reaction delays. The methodology used in the study involved software-based development and testing of the system components. Arduino programming was employed to control the sensors, motors, and displays, simulating the real-time operation of the system. No questionnaires were used, as the project focused on technical implementation. The findings indicate that the automatic gate control system successfully closes the gates when a train is detected, provides real-time alerts via the LCD screens, and triggers the buzzer to warn approaching vehicles. This system, though a prototype, demonstrates the feasibility of using automated systems for railway gate management. In conclusion, the project demonstrates the potential for implementing automatic railway gate control systems to improve safety at crossings. With further development, such systems can be applied in real-world scenarios, helping to prevent accidents and save lives.

TERM 3 GRADE 8 RATIONALIZED MATHEMATICS SCHEME OF WORK 2025

Knec oriented questions with answers on trends and innovation in education assessment, quick revision master guide for teacher trainees in Kenya