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XEA 406-POVERTY AND DEVELOPMENT
Choosing and Estimating a Poverty Line
Once an aggregate income, consumption or non-monetary measure is defined at the household or
individual level, the next step is to define one or more poverty lines.
What is Poverty Line?
Poverty lines are cut-off points separating the poor from the non-poor. They can be monetary (for example a certain level of consumption) or non-monetary (for example a certain level of literacy). The use of multiple lines can help in distinguishing different levels of poverty
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STA 434: SURVEY RESEARCH METHODS
The difference between research and non-research activity is, in the way we find answers: the process must meet certain requirements to be called research. We can identify these
requirements by examining some definitions of research.
Research is the process of conducting an organized and systematic way of finding answers to questions. This implies finding answers to questions by using reliable and valid laid
down procedures, methods and techniques within a framework of a set of philosophies (approaches). The process should always be unbiased and objective. “Scientific research is systematic, controlled, empirical, and critical investigation of natural phenomena guided by theory and hypotheses about the presumed relations among
such phenomena.” – Kerlinger, 1986.
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STA 434: SURVEY RESEARCH METHODS
Literature review is integral part of entire research process and makes valuable contribution
to every operational step. This is an essential preliminary task in order to acquaint yourself
with the available body of knowledge in your area of interest.
Disadvantages of Literature Review
i. It can be time-consuming at times
ii. It is a daunting task when there is so much done about your area of in interest
iii. It is frustrating when there is little or no study done about your area of interest.
Key Functions of Literature Review
i) Brings clarity and focus to your research problem
ii) Improves your methodology;
iii) Broadens your knowledge;
iv) Contextualizes the author’s findings.
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STA 434: SURVEY RESEARCH METHODS
Step 4: Preparing the Research Design
Research design is the conceptual structure within which research would be
conducted.
The function of research design is to provide for the collection of relevant information with
minimal expenditure of effort, time and money. The preparation of research design,
appropriate for a particular research problem, involves the consideration of the following:
1. Objectives of the research study.
2. Method of Data Collection to be adopted
3. Source of information—Sample Design
4. Tool for Data collection
5. Data Analysis-- qualitative and quantitative
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STA 434: SURVEY RESEARCH METHODS
Determining the Sample Design
Sample design covers the areas of sampling frame, sample size, and sampling methodology. Aspects to be considered within these areas include:
Researchers usually draw conclusions about large groups by taking a sample. A sample is a segment/ part/small section of the population selected to represent the population as a whole.
Population on the other hand is the largest collection of values of a random variable for which we have an interest at a particular time. A sampling frame is a list of all members (e.g. persons, households, businesses, schools)
of the target population for the survey. For example, a sampling frame may be the electoral roll, the membership list of a club, or a register of schools. Information collected from the sample is used to make conclusion/inferences on population
characteristics. Ideally, the sample should be representative and allow the researcher to make accurate estimates of the thoughts and behaviour of the larger population. To draw conclusions about populations from samples, one must use inferential statistics to be able to determine a population’s characteristics by directly observing only a portion of the it. Designing the sample calls for three key decisions to answer the following questions:
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STA 434: SURVEY RESEARCH METHODS
COLLECTING DATA:
Having formulated the research problem, developed a study design, constructed a research
instrument and selected a sample, you then collect the data from which you will draw
inferences and conclusions for your study. Depending upon your plans, you might
commence interviews, mail out a questionnaire, conduct experiments and/or make
observations.
Collecting data through any of the methods may involve some ethical issues in
relation to the participants and the researcher:
- Those from whom information is collected or those who are studied by a
researcher become participants of the study.
- Anyone who collects information for a specific purpose, adhering to the
accepted code of conduct, is a researcher.
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STA 434: SURVEY RESEARCH METHODS
DATA PROCESSING AND ANALYSIS:
Processing and analyzing data involves a number of closely related operations which are
performed with the purpose of summarizing the collected data and organizing these in a
manner that they answer the research questions (objectives).
The Data Processing operations are:
1. Editing – This is the process of examining the collected raw data to detect errors and
omissions and to correct these when possible.
2. Classification – This is the process of arranging data in groups or classes on the basis
of common characteristics. Depending on the nature of phenomenon involved
a) Classification according to attributes:
Here, data is analyzed on the basis of common characteristics which can either
be:
i) Descriptive such as literacy, sex, religion etc.
ii) Numerical such as weight, height, income etc. Such classification can
be either:
• Simple classification: where we consider only one attribute, and
divide the universe into two classes – one class consisting of
items possessing the given attribute, and the other class
consisting of items which do not possess the given attribute.
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XEA 406: POVERTY AND DEVELOPMENT
Another convenient feature of the FGT class of poverty measures is that they can be
disaggregated for population subgroups and the contribution of each subgroup to national
poverty can be calculated.
Although the FGT measure provides an elegant unifying framework for measures of poverty, it
leaves unanswered the question of the best value of .
The measures of poverty depth and poverty severity provide information complementary to the
incidence of poverty.
It might be that some groups have a high poverty incidence but low poverty gap (when numerous
members are just below the poverty line), while other groups have a low poverty incidence but a
high poverty gap for those who are poor (when relatively few members are below the poverty
line but with extremely low levels of consumption).
The Table below provides an example from Madagascar
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XEA 406: POVERTY AND DEVELOPMENT
Describing Poverty: Poverty Profiles
What is a Country Poverty Profile?
A country poverty profile sets out the major facts on poverty and inequality, and then examines the pattern of poverty to see how it varies by geography (by region, urban or rural, mountains or plains, and so on), by community characteristics (for example, in communities with and without a school), and by household characteristics (for example, by education of household head or by household size). Hence, a poverty profile is a comprehensive poverty comparison, showing how poverty varies across subgroups of society. A well-presented poverty profile can be very informative and extremely useful in assessing how the sectoral or regional pattern of economic change is likely to
affect aggregate poverty. It uses basic techniques such as tables and graphs. For example, regional poverty comparisons are important for targeting development programs to poorer areas.
A study of poverty in Cambodia showed that headcount poverty rates were highest in the rural sector and lowest in Phnom Penh in 1999
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XEA 406: POVERTY AND DEVELOPMENT
Poverty Monitoring and Evaluation
A poverty monitoring and evaluation system is required to determine whether a countrys overall
poverty reduction strategy, and its main components, is effective.
Poverty Monitoring Challenges
The first challenge in monitoring progress toward poverty reduction is to:
• Identify the goals that the strategy is designed to achieve, such as eradicate hunger or
halve poverty within a decade.
• Select the key indicators that measure progress toward the goals for example the proportion of
individuals consuming less than 2,100 Calories per day, or the proportion of households
living on less than a dollar a day.
• Set targets, which quantify the level of the indicators that are to be achieved by a given
date, for example reduce by half the number of households living on less than a dollar a day by
the year 2030
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XEA 406: POVERTY AND DEVELOPMENT
Poverty and Environment
What is the Environment?
The term environment’ used narrowly refers to green issues concerned with nature such as
pollution control, biodiversity and climate change.
Use more broadly, it includes issues such as drinking water and sanitation provision (often
known as the brown agenda).
Neefjes (2000, p. 2) uses the term in a broad sense, referring to the environment as a vehicle for analyzing and describing relationships between people and their surroundings, now and in
the future. What is the linkage between Poverty and Environment?
The simplistic cyclical relationship between environment and poverty is where poverty causes environmental destruction and this causes poverty.
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PHYSICAL FACTORS INFLUENCINCING DISTRIBUTION OF PLANT COMMUNITIES
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What is environment?
The surrounding. It is a complex of many factors that
interact not only with the organism but also among
themselves.
The physical-chemical and biological components of the
environment are of great importance to an ecologist.
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SOILS
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Soil is the upper layer of the earth’s crust or surface.
Different vegetation types occur on different soil types.
Soil types are closely related to species distribution and
community structure.
Specifically, species diversity is linked to soil composition,
stratification and soil formation.
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CLASSIFICATION OF ANTHROPODS
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Phylum Arthropoda
Subphylum Trilobita (Trilobitomorpha): trilobites (extinct)
Subphylum Chelicerata: chelicerates
Class Merostomata: horseshoe crabs
Class Pycnogonida: sea spiders
Class Arachnida: spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites, etc.
Subphylum Crustacea: crustaceans
Class Malacostraca (orders: Isopoda, Amphipoda,
Decapoda and Stomatopoda)
Class Branchiopoda: brine shrimp, water fleas (Daphnia)
Class Copepoda:copepods
Class Cirripedia: barnacles
Class Ostracoda: seed shrimps
Subphylum Uniramia: uniramians
Class Diplopoda: millipedes
Class Chilopoda: centipedes
Class Pauropoda: pauropods
Class Symphyla: symphylans
Class Insecta: insects --- (subphylum Hexapoda
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TAXONOMIC CHARACTERS (Used in plant identification)
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Identification; assigning a plant to a particular group
The identification of plant specimen is its determination of being identical
with or similar to another already known plant.
A character is any property of plant that can be used to record similarities
or differences between individuals
Identification characters are divided into two:
Endormophic characters – internal features used for identification
palynology; anatomy; cytology; phytochemicals; genotypes/semantids
Exomorphic characters- external features used for identification
Morphological characters are those that deal with external form and structure of plants;
they include growth habit, leaf, surface coverings, flower, inflourescence, fruits etc
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THE ACARI (ticks & mites)
One of the largest, highly diverse and
widely distributed groups in the animal
kingdom
Very abundant - numbers extremely high
(more than 60,000 described species
(with an estimated 500,000 more still
undescribed)
Habitat - both aquatic and terrestrial
(many free-living & parasitic)
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CIRCULATION OF MATERIALS IN THE BOD
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Blood is a circulating fluid tissue well developed in reptiles, birds and mammals.
Blood consists of two components. These are:
a) Blood cells. These are also known as the formed elements. The cells make
up about 45 percent of blood. This fraction of blood is known as packed cell volume (PCV) or the hematocrit value of blood.
b) Plasma. This is the liquid part of blood that makes about 55 percent of blood.
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ATP 103: LEGAL WRITING AND DRAFTING
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The purpose of the manual is to guide Counsel on general methods of legislative drafting. Further, it is intended to serve as a ready reference and guide to legislative drafting in addition to published works on the subject. The manual sets out uniform legislative drafting standards and principles to be applied by Counsel in the National Assembly.
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KLB Mathematics Book 4
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This is KLB Mathematics Book 4 to be used by student in revision and class work
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Mathematics revision booklet Form 1 to 4
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This is KCSE Mathematics Revision booklet Form 1 to 4 to be used by student in revision for KCSE
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